1a. Adults have well-developed wings
|
1b. Adults wingless or with wings
vestigial or rudimentary (nymphs, larvae & some adults)
|
2a (1a). Wings membranous, not hardened or
leathery
|
2b. Front wings hardened or leathery, at
least at base (Figs.A-E); hind wings, if present, usually
membranous . .
. A
|
3a (3a). Only 1 pair of wings
|
4a (3a). Body shaped like a grasshopper; pronotum ( = dorsal plate or sclerite of
prothorax) extends
back over abdomen and is pointed apically; hind legs enlarged (Figs.A-F) [pygmy grasshoppers... A.. Orthoptera
|
4b.
Body not shaped like a grasshopper;
pronotum not as previous; hind legs not so enlarged.
|
5a (4b). Antennae with at least 1 segment bearing along lateral
process; front wings minute, hind
wings like a fan (Figs.A-B); minute insects [male twisted-winged parasitoids) A Strepsiptera
|
5b. Does not fit previous description
exactly
|
6a (5b). Abdomen with 1-3 thread-like or bristle-like caudal
(= tail) filaments; mouthparts vestigia
|
6b. Abdomen without thread-like or
bristle-like caudal filaments; mouthparts almost always developed,
mandibulate (= chewing) or for sucking
|
7a (6a). Antennae long and
conspicuous; abdomen terminates in one long style (rarely 2);
wings with a single forked vein (Fig.A); halteres (= knobbed modified hind wings)
present and usually terminating in
a hooklike bristle; minute insects,
usually <5 mm in length [male scale insects]
...... A.,,,,,,..Homoptera
|
7b. Antennae short, bristle-like, and
inconspicuous; abdomen with 2-3 thread-like caudal filaments;
wings with numerous veins and cells; halteres absent; usually >5
mm in length (Fig. A) [mayflies] ......Ephemeroptera
|
8a (6b). Tarsi almost always with 5 segments; mouthparts for sucking;
hind wings knob-like, reduced to halteres (Figs.A-E); body lightly sclerotized
(= hardened) [flies]..... A. .Diptera
|
8b. Tarsi with 2-3-segments;
mouthparts variable; hind wings reduced or absent, not haltere-like
|
9b. Mouthparts for sucking (Figs.A-C) [some planthoppers & leafhoppers] .........Homoptera
|
10a (3b). Wings mostly or entirely covered with scales (Fig. A);
mouthparts usually in the form of a coiled proboscis (Fig.B); antennae
with many segments (Figs.C-G) [butterflies &
moths] .......A.
..... Lepidoptera
|
10b. Wings not covered with scales;
mouthparts not a coiled proboscis, antennae variable
|
11a (10b). Wings long and
narrow, veinless or with only 1-2 veins, and fringed with long
hairs (Fig.A); tarsi with 1-2
segments, the last segment swollen; minute insects, usually <5
mm in length
(Figs.A-D) [thrips]....... A..........Thysanoptera
|
11b. Wings not as previously described , or
if wings are somewhat linear, then the tarsi have more than 2
segments
|
12a (11b). Front wings relatively large and usually triangular; hind
wings small and usually rounded,
the wings at rest held together above the body; wings usually with many
veins and
cells; antennae short, bristle-like, and inconspicuous; abdomen with 2-3
thread-like caudal
filaments (Fig.A); delicate, soft-bodied insects (Fig.B)
[mayflies]... A........ Ephemeroptera
|
12b. Not as previously described
|
13a (12b). Tarsi with 5 segments
|
13b. Tarsi with 4
or less segments
|
14a (13a). Front wings obviously hairy; mouthparts usually very much
reduced except for the palps;
antennae usually as long as body or longer; somewhat soft-bodied insects (Figs.A-F) [caddis
flies.... A.......Trichoptera
|
14b. Front wings not hairy, at the most
with microscopic hairs; mandibles well developed; antennae shorter than
body
|
15a (14b). Body quite hard, wasplike insects; clypeus not elongated;
the abdomen often constricted
at base, 1st abdominal segment fused to
thorax; fore wings distinctly larger than hind wings and with fewer veins; front wings with 20
or less cells (Figs.A-F)[sawflies, bees and wasps]....... A.........Hymenoptera
|
15b. Body soft, not wasplike, the abdomen
not constricted at base; hind wings about the same size as
front wings and usually with about as many veins; front wings frequently
with more than 20 cells
|
16a (15b). Costal area of front wings (= area just behind anterior
margin) nearly always with numerous
cross veins per pair of longitudinal veins (Fig.A),
or if not (Fig.B) then hind wings shorter than front
wings; mouthparts not prolonged ventrally into a beak (Figs.C-G)
[lacewings, dobsonflies, antlions]
... A.........Neuroptera
|
16b. Costal area of front wings with not
more than 2-3 cross veins per pair of
longitudinal veins (Fig.A); mouthparts prolonged ventrally to form
a beak-like process (Figs.B-D
[scorpionflies]..........Mecoptera
|
17a (13b). Hind wings as long as front wings and of the same shape or
wider at base, the wings at
rest held above the body or extended out (never held flat over abdomen);
wings with many
veins and cells; antennae short, bristle-like, and inconspicuous; abdomen
long and slender (Figs.A-B); tarsi with 3
segments; length 20-85 mm [dragonflies,
damselflies) A ....Odonata
|
17b. Not as previously described
|
18a (17b). Mouthparts for sucking
|
18b. Mouthparts mandibulate (= chewing)
|
19a (18a). Beak arises from front part of head (Figs.A-E) [gnat bugs..Hemiptera /Heteroptera ...A
|
19b. Beak arises from hind part of head (Fig.A) [cicadas, some hoppers, aphids, some
psyllids and whiteflies] ...Homoptera
|
20a (18b). Tarsi with 4 segments; front and hind wings
similar in size, shape and venation
(Figs.A-E) cerci tiny or absent [termites]..... A.......Isoptera
|
20b. Tarsi with 3
or less segments; hind wings usually shorter than front wings; cerci either present or
absent
|
21a
(20b). Hind wings with anal area nearly always enlarged and
forming a lobe, which is \ folded like a fan at rest; venation
varying from normal to very dense, the front wings usually with several
cross veins between Cu-1
and M and between Cu-1 and Cu-2 (Fig.
A); cerci present and often fairly long;
mostly 10 mm or more in length; nymphs
aquatic, and adults usually near water (Figs.A-F) [stoneflies] .... A......
Plecoptera
|
21b. Hind wings without an enlarged anal
area and not folded at rest; venation normal or reduced,
with no extra cross veins; short cerci present or absent; mostly 10
mm in length or
less; nymphs not aquatic and adults not regularly near water
|
22a (21b). Tarsi with 3 segments, basal segment of front
tarsi enlarged A
....(Figs.A-B) [webspinners].Embioptera
|
22b. Tarsi with 2-3
segments, basal segment of front tarsi not enlarged
|
23a (22b). Cerci present; tarsi with 2
segments; wing venation reduced (Figs.A-D); moniliform
(= bead-like) antennae with 9
segments ..... A........ Zoraptera
|
23b. Cerci absent; tarsi with 2-3
segments; wing venation not much reduced (Figs.A-D) ;antennae not moniliform, usually long
and hairlike, with 13 or more segments ...... Psocoptera
(= Corrodentia)
|
24a (2b). Mouthparts for sucking, beak elongated and usually
segmented (Figs.A-B)...... A
|
24b. Mouthparts mandibulate
|
25a (24a). Beak arises from front of head (Fig.A);
basal portion of fore wing usually thickened and leathery, but membranous
at tip, the tips overlapping at rest (Fig.B)
A
[true bugs] .....Hemiptera / Heteroptera
|
25b. Beak arises from hind part of head,
often appearing to begin at base of front legs; front wings of uniform texture
throughout, the tips not, or only slightly, overlapping at rest
[leafhoppers & some psyllids] .......Homoptera
|
26a (24b). Abdominal cerci like forceps (Fig.A);
front wings short, leaving most of abdomen
exposed; tarsi with 3 segments (Fig.A)
[earwigs] ..... A........ Dermaptera
|
26b. Abdominal cerci not like forceps, or
if cerci appear as such, then front wings cover most of abdomen; tarsi
variable
|
27a (26b). Front wings entirely leathery and without veins and usually
meet in a straight line down
middle of back; antennae generally with 11 or fewer segments and have
diverse shapes
(Figs.A-I); hind wings narrow, usually longer
than front wings when unfolded, and with few veins (Figs.J-O)
[beetles].... A....... Coleoptera
|
27b. Front wings with veins and either held
like a roof over abdomen or overlapping over abdomen when at rest; antennae
generally with >12 segments; hind wings broad,
usually shorter
than front wings, and with many veins (Fig.A), usually folded like a fan at rest [crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches and
preying mantids].......Orthoptera
|
28a (1b). Body usually insect-like, with segmented legs and usually
segmented antennae
|
28b. Body generally worm-like, body regions
(except possibly head) not well differentiated, and segmented thoracic legs
absent; antennae present or absent
|
29a (28a). Front wings present but rudimentary; hind wings absent or
represented by halteres;tarsi almost always with 5
segments [some flies].........Diptera
|
29b. Wings entirely absent or with 4
rudimentary wings and no halteres; tarsi variable
|
30b. Antennae usually present (sometimes
small); size and habitat variable..........
|
31a (30b). Ectoparasites of birds, mammals, or honey bees and usually
found on the host; body somewhat
leathery and usually flattened dorsoventrally or laterally
|
31b. Free-living (not ectoparasitic),
terrestrial or aquatic
|
32a (31a). Tarsi with 5 segments; antennae short and
usually concealed in grooves on head; mouthparts for sucking
|
32b. Tarsi with fewer than 5
segments; antennae and mouthparts variable
|
33a (32a). Body flattened laterally; usually jumping insects, with
rather long legs (Fig.A)
A [fleas]
......Siphonaptera
|
33b. Body flattened dorsoventrally; not
jumping insects, legs usually short (Fig.A) [louse
flies, bat flies & bee lice].........Diptera
|
34a (32b). Antennae decidedly longer than head; tarsi 3-segmented
(Fig.A) [bed bugs and A bat bugs] .......Hemiptera / Heteroptera
|
34b. Antennae not longer than head; tarsi
with 1 segment
|
35a (34b). Head as wide as or wider than prothorax; mouthparts
mandibulate; parasites of birds (with 2 tarsal claws) and mammals (with 1
small tarsal claw) (Figs.A-D) A
…[chewing lice] Mallophaga
|
35b. Head usually more narrow than
prothorax; mouthparts haustellate (= for sucking); parasites
of mammals with 1 large tarsal claw (Figs.A-B) [sucking lice]… Phthiraptera (= Anoplura)
|
36a (31b). Mouthparts for sucking, with a conical or elongated beak
enclosing stylets
|
36b. Mouthparts mandibulate (sometimes
hidden in head), not beaklike
|
37a (36a). Tarsi with 5 segments; maxillary or labial palps ( = segmented processes) present
|
37b. Tarsi with 4
or fewer segments; palps small or absent
|
38a (37a). Body covered with scales; beak usually in the form of a
coiled tube; antennae long and
with many segments [wingless moths] .......... Lepidoptera
|
38b. Body not covered with scales; beak not coiled; antennae
variable, but often short, with 3 or less segments [wingless flies]
............Diptera
|
39a (37b). Mouthparts in the form of a cone located basally on ventral
side of head; palps present
but short; body elongated, usually <5 mm in length; antennae about as
long as head
and prothorax combined, not bristle-like, and 4-9
segmented; tarsi 1-2 segments, often
without claws (Fig.A) [thrips....... A
....... Thysanoptera
|
39b. Mouthparts as an elongated segmented
beak; palps absent; other characters variable
|
40a (39b). Beak arises from front part of head; antennae with 4-5
segments and not bristle-like; tarsi usually with 3
segments; abdomen without cornicles (= dorsal tubular structures on posterior
abdomen ) [true bugs]. ... A.
Hemiptera / Heteroptera
|
40b. Beak arises from rear of head;
antennae either with >5 segments (and tarsi with 2 segments) or bristle-like (and
tarsi with 3 segments); abdomen often with a
pair of cornicles
(Fig.A) [aphids, hoppers, etc.]...... Homoptera
|
41a (36b). Abdomen very constricted at base; antennae often elbowed;
tarsi with 5 segments; bodies
hard, ant-like [ants & wingless wasps ........Hymenoptera
|
41b. Abdomen not very constricted at base;
antennae not elbowed; tarsi variable
|
42a (41b). Abdomen with 3 long thread-like caudal filaments
and with style-like appendages on some abdominal segments (Fig.A); mouthparts mandibulate, but often
somewhat A retracted
into head; body almost always covered with scales; terrestrial
[bristletails]
|
42b. Abdomen with only 2 thread-like caudal filaments or
none; if with 3 [mayfly nymphs] then aquatic;
other characters variable
|
43a (42a). Compound eyes large and usually contiguous; body somewhat
cylindrical, with thorax
arched; ocelli present; middle and hind coxae often with styli; abdominal styli (= bristlelike processes) on segments
2-9 (Fig.A).... A......Class: Insecta; Subclass
Monocondylia: Order: Arachaeognatha..……....Microcoryphia
|
43b. Compound eyes small and widely
separated or absent; body somewhat flattened dorsoventrally, thorax not arched;
ocelli present or absent; middle and hind coxae without styli; abdominal segments 1-6
(sometimes 7) without styli (Fig.A) [silverfish]…......…..Thysanura
|
44a (42b). Aquatic insects, often with
tracheal gills (=
protruding externally at spiracles)
|
44b. Terrestrial insects, without tracheal
gills
|
45a (44a). Nymphs; compound eyes and usually wing pads present
|
45b. Larvae; compound eyes and wing pads
absent
|
46a (45a). Prehensile labium (= lower lip), folded under head
at rest, and when extended much longer than head (Figs.A-G) [dragonfly and damselfly nymphs]...... A.........Odonata
|
46b. Labium normal, not as previously
described
|
47a (46b). Having 3 caudal filaments; tarsi with 1
claw; gills located on lateral margins of abdominal terga
(= dorsal plates or sclerites) and
usually leaflike or plate-like A...
(Figs.A-C) [mayfly nymphs].... .....Ephemeroptera
|
47b. With 2 caudal filaments; tarsi with 2
claws; gills mostly present, somewhat fingerlike, usually
located on underside of thorax (Figs.A-D) [stonefly nymphs]..........Plecoptera
|
48a (45b). Having 5 pairs of prolegs (= fleshy abdominal legs) on
ventral side of abdomen, the prolegs
with tiny hooks (crochets) [aquatic caterpillars) ............Lepidoptera
|
48b. Abdominal segments without prolegs or
with only one terminal pair
|
49a (48b). Mouthparts with 2 slender and elongated structures,
longer than head; antennae long and slender, or least 1/3rd
as long as body; tarsi with 1 claw (Fig.A); live in freshwater sponges
[Sisyridae larvae]... A................. Neuroptera
|
49b. Mouthparts, and usually also antennae,
short and not as described previously
|
50a (49b). Tarsi with 2 claws; abdomen with long slender
lateral processes and a long slender terminal process (Figs A & B)
[Sialidae] or with slender lateral processes and a pair of hooklike
structures apically (Fig. C.) [Corydalidae,
fishfly and alderfly larvae ...... A.........Neuroptera
|
50b. Tarsi with 1-2
claws; if with 2, then abdomen not as described
previously
|
51a (50b). Abdomen with a pair of hooks, usually on anal prolegs, at
posterior end and without long
lateral processes (but at times with finger-like gills); tarsi with 1
claw; usually living in
cases (Figs.A-F) [caddisfly larvae]..... A........Trichoptera
|
51b. Abdomen with 4
hooks at posterior end or none, and with or without long lateral processes;
tarsi with 1-2 claws (Fig.A); not living in cases [beetle larvae]..........
Coleoptera
|
52a (44b). Mouthparts usually withdrawn into head and not obvious;
abdomen with stylelike appendages
on some segments or with a forked appendage near end of abdomen; usually <7
mm long
|
52b. Mouthparts usually distinct,
mandibulate or haustellate (= for sucking); abdomen without appendages
as described previously; size variable
|
53a (52a). Antennae long, with many segments; abdomen with at least 9
segments and with stylelike
appendages on ventral side of some segments; without a forked appendage
near end of abdomen, but with well developed cerci (Figs.A-C) ... A .........
Diplura (in Class Entognatha)
|
53b. Antennae short, with 6
or less segments; abdomen with 6 or less segments and usually with
a forked appendage near posterior end (Figs.A-G) [springtails]............ Collembola
(in Class Entognatha)
|
54a (52b). Body larviform ( = shaped like a worm or larva),
thorax and abdomen not differentiated;
compound eyes present [larviform beetles] .............Coleoptera
|
54b. Body shape variable, but if larviform,
then without compound eyes
|
55a (54b). Compound eyes usually present; body shape variable, but
usually not worm-like; wing
pads often present [adults & nymphs]
|
55b. Compound eyes and wing pads absent,
body usually worm-like in shape [larvae]
|
56a (55a). Tarsi with 5 segments
|
56b. Tarsi with 4
or less segments
|
57a (56a). Mouthparts prolonged ventrally into a snout-like process (Fig.A); body somewhat A
.......cylindrical and
usually <15 mm long (Fig.A)
[wingless scorpionflies].... Mecoptera
|
57b. Mouthparts not as previously
described; body shape and size variable
|
58a (57b). Antennae with 5 segments; Texas (some &&
twisted-winge parasitoids;Mengeidae] .... Strepsiptera
|
58b. Antennae with >5
segments; widely distributed (Figs.A-G) [rock crawlers,
walking A sticks & some
cockroaches..........Orthoptera
|
59a (56b). Cerci like forceps; tarsi with 3
segments
|
59b. Cerci absent or, if present, not like
forceps; tarsi variable
|
60a (59a). Antennae more than 1/2 as long as body; cerci short;
western U.S.A. [Timemidae] ........ Orthoptera
|
60b. Antennae usually less than 1/2
as long as body; cerci long (Fig.A); widely distributed A [earwigs] .......... Dermaptera
|
61a (59b). Tarsi with 3
segments, basal segment of front tarsi enlarged (Figs.A-B)
[webspinners] ............... Embioptera
|
61b. Tarsi with 2-4
segments, basal segment of front tarsi not enlarged
|
62a (61b). Appearance like grasshoppers, with hind legs enlarged and
fitted for jumping; length usually
>15 mm (Figs.A-E)
[grasshoppers]… A….....… Orthoptera
|
62b. Not like grasshoppers, hind legs
usually not as previously described; length <10
mm
|
63a (62b). Tarsi with 4 segments; pale, soft bodies,
wood- or ground-inhabiting insects
A (Figs.A-E) [termites]........Isoptera
|
63b. Tarsi with 2-3
segments; color and habits variable
|
64a (63b). Cerci present, 1 segmented, and terminating in a
long bristle; antennae with 9 segments
and moniliform (Figs.A-C); compound eyes and ocelli
absent (= simple yes);
tarsi with 2 segments.... A..........Zoraptera
|
64b. Cerci absent; antennae with 13
or more segments and usually hair-like (Fig.A); compound
eyes and 3 ocelli usually present; tarsi
with 2-3 segments [psocids........Psocoptera
(= Corrodentia)
|
65a (55b). Ventral prolegs (= fleshy abdominal legs) present on 2
or more abdominal segments (Figs.A-B)..... A.
|
65b. Abdominal prolegs absent or on
terminal segment only
|
66a (65a). Have 5 pairs prolegs (on abdominal
segments 3-6 & 10)
or fewer (Fig. A), the prolegs with tiny hooks
(crochets); several (usually 6) ocelli on each side of head
[caterpillars] .............
Lepidoptera
|
66b. Have 6 or more pairs of abdominal
prolegs, the prolegs without crochets; ocelli number variable
|
67a (66b). Ocelli, 7 or more, on each side of head;
prolegs on segments 1-8 or 3-8,
usually faint pointed
structures (Fig.A) [scorpionfly larvae]........ A.......... Mecoptera
|
67b. Ocellus (one) on each side of head;
prolegs fleshy and not pointed, usually on abdominal segments 2-8
& 10, sometimes on 2-7
or 2-6 & 10
(Figs.A-B) [sawfly larvae]
.....Hymenoptera
|
68a (65b). Mandible and maxilla on each side united to form a sucking
jaw that is often long (Figs.A-B); tarsi with 2 claws; labrum absent or fused
with head capsule; maxillary A palps
absent [Planipennia: lacewing & antlion larvae] .............Neuroptera
|
68b. Mandibles and maxillae not as
previously described; tarsi with 1-2 claws; labrum and maxillary palps
usually present
|
69a (68b). Head and mouthparts prognathous (= directed forward), the
head ca. as long along mid ventral line as along middorsal line and usually
cylindrical or a bit flattened
|
69b. Head and mouthparts hypognathous (=
directed ventrally), the head much longer along middorsal
line than along midventral line and usually rounded
|
70a (69a). Tarsi with 1 claw [some beetle larvae]..............
Coleoptera
|
71a (70b). Distinct labrum (= upper lip) and clypeus (= hardened plate on lower face
between frons
and labium) present [Raphidiodea: snakefly larvae] ............... Neuroptera
|
71b. Labrum absent or fused with head
capsule [most Adephaga: beetle larvae]..... Coleoptera
|
72a (69b). Front legs noticeably smaller than other pairs; middle and
hind legs projecting laterally
much more than front legs; a small group of ocelli (usually 3)
on each side of head behind bases
of antennae; tarsal claws absent; length <5
mm; usually found in moss [Boreidae
larvae] .............. Mecoptera
|
72b. Legs not as previously described,
front and middle legs ca. same size and position; ocelli variable;
tarsi with 1-3 claws; size and habitat variable
|
73a (72b). Tarsi with 1-2 claws; abdomen usually without
caudal filaments; antennae variable [beetle larvae]...... Coleoptera
|
73b. Tarsi usually with 3
claws; abdomen with 2 caudal filaments ca. 1/3rd
as long as body (Fig.A); antennae
usually short with 3 segments [triungulin (= active 1st
instar) larvae
A of some beetles, Meloidae, and
twisted-winged parasitoids]............ Coleoptera .....
152 and ....... Strepsiptera…....217
|
74a (28b). Aquatic [fly larvae]..........Diptera
|
74b. Terrestrial or parasitic (not aquatic)
|
75a (74b). Sessile, plant feeding; body covered by a
scale or waxy substance; mouthparts for sucking, long and thread-like
[female scales]............... Homoptera
|
75b. Not the same as previously described
|
76a (75b). Head and thorax almost fused, and abdominal segmentation
indistinct (Fig.A);
A internal parasitoids of other
insects [female twisted-winged parasitoids]............ Strepsiptera.
|
76b. Head not fused with thorax, body
segmentation distinct; habitat variable
|
77a (76b). Head distinct, sclerotized, and usually pigmented and
exserted
|
77b. Head indistinct, incompletely or not
at all sclerotized, sometimes retracted into thorax
|
78a (77a). Head and mouthparts prognathous (= directed forward), the
head ca. as long along midventral line as along middorsal
line and usually cylindrical or slightly flattened
|
78b. Head and mouthparts hypognathous (=
directed ventrally), the head much longer along middorsal
line than along midventral line and usually rounded
|
79a (78a). Terminal abdominal segment with a pair of short pointed
processes; several long setae on each body segment (Fig.A) [flea larvae]... A............. Siphonaptera
|
79b. Not exactly as previously described
|
80a (79b). Labium with a protruding spinneret (= silk-producing structure);
antennae arising from
membranous area at bases of mandibles; mandibles well developed, opposable;
body usually slightly flattened; ventral prolegs usually with crochets;
mostly leaf miners in leaves, bark, or fruits [moth larvae]
...............Lepidoptera
|
80b. Labium without a spinneret; antennae,
if present, arising from head capsule; prolegs without crochets
|
81a (80b). Mouthparts distinctly mandibulate, with opposable
mandibles; spiracles usually present on thorax and 8
abdominal segments; body shape variable [beetle larvae]
..... Coleoptera
|
81b. Mouthparts as previously described or
with mouth hooks somewhat parallel and moving vertically;
spiracles variable, but usually not as previously described; body elongated
[Nematocera & some Brachycera fly larvae]............Diptera
|
82a (78b).
Abdominal segments usually with 1 or more longitudinal
folds laterally or lateroventrally;
body C-shaped, scarabaeiform (Fig.A);
1 pair of spiracles on thorax and
usually 8 pairs on abdomen [beetle larvae,
white grubs].......... A......... Coleoptera
|
82b. Abdominal segments without longitudinal
folds, or if present, then spiracles not as previously described
|
83a (82b). Head with adfrontal areas (= pair of narrow oblique
sclerites on head) (as in Fig.A);
labium with a projecting spinneret; if present, antennae arise from membranous area at base of
mandibles; often 1 or more ocelli (usually 6)
on each side of head;
ventral prolegs, if present, with crochets [moth larvae]..…........Lepidoptera
|
83b. Head without adfrontal areas, and
labium without a spinneret; antennae and ocelli not as previously
described; prolegs, if present, without crochets
|
84a (83b). Mandibles not heavily sclerotized and
not brush-like; spiracles usually present on thorax and most abdominal
segments, the posterior pair not enlarged; larvae occur in plant tissues as
phytophagous parasites, or in cells constructed by adults [Apocrita] ..Hymenoptera
|
84b. Mandibles usually brush-like;
spiracles usually not as previously described-- if present on several
abdominal segments, the posterior pair is much larger than the rest; occur
in wet places,
in plant tissues, or as internal parasites (Fig.A)
A [fly larvae, mainly Nematocera] ............... Diptera
|
85a (77b). Mouthparts mandibulate, with opposable mandibles and
maxillae; antennae usually present [beetle larvae]
......….... Coleoptera
|
85b. Mouthparts reduced or modified, with
only the mandibles opposable, or with parallel mouth
hooks present; antennae usually absent
|
86a (85b). Body behind "head" (first body segment)
consisting of 13 segments; full grown larvae usually with a sclerotized
ventral plate ("breast bone") located ventrally behind head
[Cecidomyiidae larvae]............ Diptera
|
86b. Body with fewer segments than
previously described; no "breast bone"
|
87a (86b). Mouthparts consist of 1-2 (if 2
then parallel, not opposable) median, dark colored, down
curved mouth hooks [Cyclorrhapha maggots].............. Diptera
|
87b. Mandibles opposable, but at times
reduced, without mouth hooks as described previously [Apocrita larvae] ................ Hymenoptera
|
Major
Families of Adult Entomophagous Diptera
(For muscoid
flies see Figs C-D wing venation)
88a (8a, 29a & 38b). Antennae moniliform, 6-39
segments, longer than thorax
|
88b. Antennae with 3-4
segments, ring-like segments may be present; antennae shorter than thorax
|
89a (88a). Costa (= longitudinal wing vein)
extends completely around wing, occasionally weakened behind
|
89b. Costa does not reach to or extend only
slightly beyond wing tip
|
90a (89a).
Mesonotal suture (= dorsal sclerite of mesothorax)
transverse, not V-shaped
|
90b. Mesonotum with an entire V-shaped
suture; females with long sclerotized ovipositor (Figs.A-B)
(larvae are predators of aquatic or
semiaquatic arthropods) A ....... ( Diptera) Tipulidae
|
91a (90a). Ocelli present and/or venation reduced; eyes meet above
antennae; wing not scaly (Figs.A-C)
A (larvae are predators of Homoptera &
mites) .…........ (Diptera)
Cecidomyiidae
|
91b. Ocelli absent; probosis extends far
beyond clypeus; wing venation strong; wing
veins and margin
covered with scales, usually also on body (Figs.A-G)
(larvae of some species are predators of aquatic
arthropods).................(Diptera)
Culicidae
|
92b. Ocelli present; tibiae with apical
spurs; discal cell in wing (= enlarged cell in basal or central
part of wing) absent (Figs.A-C)
A (larvae spin webs & feed on entrapped arthropods)
............. (Diptera)
Mycetophilidae
|
93a (92a). Head rounded behind, mouthparts piercing; metanotum short
and rounded, without a longitudinal groove (Fig.A)
A (adults are blood-suckers; larvae
are predators) ..................
(Diptera)
Ceratopogonidae
|
93b. Head flat behind, mouthparts without
mandibles, not piercing ;metanotum long, with a median
longitudinal groove (Figs.A-B) (most are predators, one species
parasitizes mayflies) ........... (Diptera)
Chironomidae
|
94a (88b). Empodium (= pad or bristlelike structure at apex of last
tarsal segment between the claws) developed lobelike, the 3
pads almost equal
|
94b. Empodium hair-like or absent
|
95a (94a). Third antennal segment compound, composed of ring-like
segments
|
95b. Third antennal segment simple,
frequently bearing an elongated style or arista
|
96a (95a). Tegula (= scale-like structure overlying
front wing base) large and conspicuous female abdomen large (Figs.A-F) A (adults are blood-suckers; larvae are predators of aquatic arthropods) ........... (Diptera)
Tabanidae
|
96b. Tegula small or vestigial; tibial
spurs usually absent (Figs.A-F) (larvae
are predators of
arthropods in several habitats) ............... (Diptera)
Stratiomyiidae
|
97a. Tegula small or vestigal
|
97b. Tegula large, covering haltere; head
very small, positioned low down and composed almost entirely of compound eyes;
body humpbacked (Fig.A)
A (parasitoids of spiders) ..........… (Diptera)
Acroceridae
|
98a (97a). Tibiae without apical spurs; wing venation intricate with
many veins ending before wing tip (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of grasshoppers).... A. .... (Diptera) Nemestrinidae
|
98b. At least middle tibia with apical
spurs; antennae have long terminal style; wing venation normal,
not complex (Figs.A-B) (both adults and larvae
are predators of other arthropods)
............ (Diptera)
Rhagionidae
|
99a (94b). Wing with 2 or more submarginal
cells (vein R-4+5
forked); 3-4 posterior cells
|
99b. Wing with only one submarginal cell or
none at all (vein R-4+5
not forked)
|
100a (99a). Front strongly concave at vertex
|
100b. Front not concave between eyes, vertex
flat or convex
|
101a (100a). Three ocelli present; palpi normally prominent; proboscis
adapted for piercing (Figs.A-E); top of head hollowed out between
eyes; abdomen tapering or oval; lobe
A (alula) usually at base of wing (both larvae
& adults are predators) …... (Diptera) .. Asilidae
|
101b. One ocellus or none present; antennae
with 4 segments; palpi vestigial;
proboscis with fleshy
labellae (= exposed tip of labium); large
flies (Figs.A-C) (both larvae
& adults are
predators) ............ (Diptera)
Mydaidae
|
102a (100b). Costa continues around wing
|
102b. Costa reaches only to wing apex; 4th
vein (M-1)
ends before wing tip; 3 posterior cells (Figs.A-B) (larvae
are predators of larvae of Coleoptera).. A..... (Diptera) Scenopinidae
|
103a (102a). Wing has 5 posterior cells
|
103b. Wing has at most 4
posterior cells
|
104a (103a). Fourth vein (M-1) ends beyond apex of wing (Figs.A-C) (larvae
& adults are A predators
of other arthropods) .............
(Diptera)
Therevidae
|
104b. Fourth vein (M-1) ends before apex of wing (Fig.A) (both adults & larvae
are predators
of other arthropods; rare in arid regions of western North America) ..... (Diptera)
Apioceridae
|
105a (103b). Anal cell open or closed near wing margin; antennal style
short, never longer than 3rd
antennal segment; body usually hairy, stocky and somewhat humpbacked; brown
or grayish
flies (Figs.A-C) (parasitize a variety of immature
arthropods; most common in southwestern United States)....... A.........
(Diptera)
Bombyliidae
|
105b. Anal cell short and closed far from
wing margin; anal vein does not reach wing margin; antennal style
(= bristle) usually longer than 3rd antennal segment; body usually
bare, slender
and black (Fig.A) (predators of small arthropods)
....................... (Diptera)
Empididae
|
106a (99b). Wing normal, not obviously rounded
apically; venation normal
|
106b. Wing rounded apically; veins very well
developed anteriorly; antennae appear one- segmented with long arista
(= bristle on apical segment); long hind legs and flattened femora; body
humpbacked (Fig.A) (parasitoids of ant pupae, larvae
& pupae of Lepidoptera & Hymenoptera; some species are predators
... A .............
(Diptera) Phoridae
|
107a (106a). Spurious vein (= vein-like thickening of wing membrane
between 2 true veins) in wing
absent; anal cell usually short
|
107b. Spurious vein in wing present; anal
cell long, closed near wing margin; body brightly colored;
they resemble bees or wasps) (Figs.A-E) (predators of
Homoptera) A ..........
(Diptera) Syrphidae
|
108a (107a). Frontal lanule (= crescent-shaped sclerite above
base of antennae) completely absent
|
108b. Frontal lunule present as a
crescent-shaped sclerite above antennae
|
109a (108a). Head normal, not exceptionally large; front and face
usually wide
|
109b. Head large, hemispherical; front and
face narrow; probosis small and soft; body stocky and
humpbacked, brown or grayish (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of treehoppers &
leafhoppers) …..A..…. (Diptera) Pipunculidae
|
110a (109a). Crossvein r-m located beyond basal 1/4th
of wing; anal cell pointed apically; proboscis usually rigid; body not
metallic; %% genitalia terminal, not folded under abdomen (Fig.A);
relatively slender and usually black flies (adults and larvae
are A ..predaceous
on smaller insects) (please also refer to couplet 105)..…..........
(Diptera)
Empididae
|
110b. Crossvein r-m
located in basal 1/4th of wing; 2nd
basal and discal cells united; anal cell when present rounded apically;
body usually metallic; %% genitalia frequently folded forward
under abdomen (Fig.A) (predators of small arthropods)
............. (Diptera)
Dolichopodidae
|
111a (108b). Second antennal segment with a lateral subdorsal
longitudinal seam; thorax with a complete
transverse suture; calypter (= lobe at wing base) large
|
111b. Second antennal segment without a
longitudinal seam; thorax without a complete transverse suture; calypter small
or rudimentary
|
112a (111a). Hypopleural bristles (rather vertical row usually above
hind coxae) present
|
112b. Hypopleural bristles absent; 3rd
(R-5)
and 4th (M-1) veins almost parallel at wing
tip or 4th vein bends forward;
undersurface of scutellum with fine erect hairs (Figs.A-B)
A (predators of dipterous larvae)....(Diptera)
Anthomyiidae
|
113a (112a). Postscutellum developed; hypopleura with strong bristles;
eyes usually bare; body of && large, variously
colored, but usually blackish (Figs.A-G) (parasitoids of many types of insects)..... A .......
(Diptera)
Tachinidae
|
113b. Postscutellum not developed;
hypopleura with a row of bristles
|
114a (113b). Body usually gray with 3
black stripes on mesonotum, bare but not metallic; usually 4
notopleural bristles; arista usually plumose (= featherlike) in basal half A (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of grasshoppers &
other arthropods) .... (Diptera)
Sarcophagidae
|
114b. Body usually metallic, usually 2
(rarely 3) notopleural bristles; arista
usually plumose beyond basal
half (Figs.A-D) (generally predaceous......…… (Diptera)
Calliphoridae
|
115a (111b). Proboscis shorter than head; head never broader than thorax; first posterior cell not quite
narrowed apically
|
115b. Proboscis longer than head, slender
and rigit, often folding; head wider than thorax; first posterior
cell narrowed or closed apically; abdomen clavate (= club-like), bent
downward at
apex (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of wild bees)..... A.
....... (Diptera)
Conopidae
|
116a (115a). Costa broken at humeral crossvein; wings without pattern;
postcellar bristle divergent, if absent, arista is also
absent (Fig.A)...... A......... (Diptera)
Agromyzidae
|
116b. Eyes oval horizontally, 2X
as long as high; costa not broken; postocellar bristles converge or are absent, if absent, arista present; body
grayish with yellowish markings on lateral thorax and abdomen and on front (Fig.A) (predators of mites &
Homoptera)............ (Diptera)
Chamaemyidae
|
[Skip couplet 117a/117b]
Parasitic
and Predatory Hymenoptera
118a (15a, 41a, 67b & 84a). Last sternite (= ventral plate) of female
abdomen divided longitudinally;
ovipositor issues from anterior to tip of abdomen and has a pair of
exserted sheathes capable of covering
ovipositor tip; hind wing usually without lobes
|
118b. Last sternite of && abdomen
not divided longitudinally; ovipositor (or sting) issues from the tip of
abdomen and without a pair of exserted sheathes; hind wing often with an
anal lobe
|
119a (118a). Wing venation well developed; stigma (= thickening of wing
membrane along costal border) well developed;
hind trochanter with 2
segments........Hymenoptera)........... (Ichneumonoidea
&
Evanioidea)
|
119b. Wing venation reduced; stigma absent
or poorly developed; trochanter with 1 segment
|
120b. Costal cell present; antennae with
fewer than 16 segments; abdomen short with long petiole
arising on propodeum (= posterior part of thorax that is actually 1st
abdominal segment),
far above bases of hind coxae (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of cockroach egg capsules) ........... (Hymenoptera)
(Evanioidea)
Evaniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
120c Fore wing with vein 2m-cu
present. antennae inserted low on
face, near to lower margin of eyes (Malar space large; propleura elongate,
meeting dorsally and forming a neck/ Hymenoptera) (Evanioidea) Aulacidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
120d. Gaster elongated and subclavate (Fig. 80);
ovipositor noticeably exserted; malar space small (mandible close to eye
margin); propleura elongate, meeting dorsally and forming a neck ........... (Hymenoptera)
(Evanioidea) Gasteruptiidae
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
121a (120a). Wing with one or no recurrent veins;
propodeum not prolonged beyond hindcoxae
|
121b. Wing with 2
recurrent veins (= transverse veins posterior to
cubital vein) or the abdomen
is 3X the body length (Figs.A-C) (parasitoids of numerous insect orders
) A ........
(Hymenoptera)
(Ichneumonoidea)
Ichneumonidae
|
122a (121a). Abdominal terga 2 & 3
not fused (Fig.A) (parasitoids of aphids) .(Hymenoptera) …A ....... (Ichneumonoidea)
Braconidae (Aphidiinae)
|
122b. Abdominal terga 2
& 3 fused or the cubitus (= longitudinal vein just
posterior to medial) in
fore wing arises from the radial cell (Figs.A-F) (parasitoids of many kinds of hosts, excluding
aphids) ..........(Hymenoptera)
(Ichneumonoidea)
Braconidae
|
123a (119b). Pronotum extends to tegula; antennae not geniculate (=
elbow-shaped); body often compressed .............. (Hymenoptera)
(Cynipoidea)
|
123b. Pronotum does not reach tegula;
prepectus (= area along anterior ventral margin of mesepisternum
outlined by a suture) present; antennae geniculate, with one or more proximal
segments of flagellum often reduced to ring-like segments; abdominal
segment behind propodeum always in form of a
petiole, although not always clear......(Hymenoptera)
(Chalcidoidea)
|
124a (123a). Largest segment of abdomen (side view) tergites 2
or 3 and never more
than one short tergite in front of the largest tergite
|
124b. Largest segment of abdomen (side view)
tergites 4, 5 or 6,
with at least 2, 3 or 4
short tergites
behind petiole and preceding the largest tergite; abdomen very compressed
laterally; ovipositor
curved under "membranous flap" (Fig.A) (parasitoids of sawflies A in family Siricidae)........... (Hymenoptera)
(Cynipoidea)
Ibaliidae
|
125a (124a). Tergite 2 longest and usually forming at
least 1/2 the abdomen;
radial cell open (except
in Charips) and petiole without enlarged
ring bearing longitudinal striations (gall-formers and hyperparasitoids in
aphids). If radial cell is closed
and petiole has striated ring, then tergites 2
& 3 are fused into a single
saddle-shaped tergite that covers entire abdomen (Figs.A-C) (Synergus inquilines in oak
galls)........ A .. (Hymeoptera) (Cynipoidea)
Cynipidae
[also see fly-par.htm ]
|
125b. Tergite 2
clearly forming less than 1/2 of abdomen; radial cell closed;
petiole with slightly enlarged ring structure bearing longitudinal
striations; mesopleura without spines or scratches (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of Diptera) ....... (Hymenoptera)
(Cynipoidea)
Figitidae [also
see fly-par.htm ]
|
126a (118b). Pronotum almost reaches or does reach tegula, but lacks a
rounded lobe on lateral margin
|
126b. Pronotum short, does not reach tegula,
with lateral rounded lobe; body hairs not branched (Figs.A-L)...... A.
....... (Hymenoptera)
(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae
|
127a (126a). Venation of fore wing well developed; hind
wing with veins or a basal lobe
|
127b. Venation of fore wing reduced; hind wing
not lobed...(Hymenoptera) (Proctotrupoidea)
|
128a (127a). Venation of hind wing reduced, lacking closed cells ..(Hymenoptera)
(Bethyloidea)
|
128b. Venation of hind wing not reduced,
with at least one closed cell
|
129a (128a). Antennae with 12-13 segments; tarsi normal
|
129b. Antennae with 10
segments; fore tarsi of females often pincer-like (Figs.A-C)...
(parasitoids of leafhoppers) ....A......(Hymenoptera)
(Bethyloidea)
Dryinidae
|
130a (129a). Abdomen with 3 or less visible tergites (4
in male Parnopes); abdominal sternites concave;
body metallic green or blue (Figs.A-F) (parasitoids of wasps) ....... A.
........... (Hymenoptera)
(Bethyloidea)
Chrysididae
|
130b. Abdomen with 6
(females) or 7 (males) tergites; sternites
convex; body not metallic (Figs.A-C) (parasitoids of
Coleoptera & Lepidoptera)............ (Hymenoptera)
(Bethyloidea)
Bethylidae
|
131a (128b). Petiole without nodes or node-like swellings
|
131b. Petiole medially with nodes or
node-like swellings; antennae geniculate (Figs.A-E) (general predators)....... A.......
(Hymenoptera)
(Formicoidea) Formicidae
|
132a (131a). First discoidal cell shorter than submedian
cell; fore wings rarely folded
|
132b. First discoidal cell much longer than
submedian cell; fore wings when at rest folded longitudinally
(Figs.A-D) (general predators)...... A....(Hymenoptera)
(Vespoidea) Vespidae
|
133a (132a). Mesopleuron not divided by an oblique suture; hind femur does not extend to tip of abdomen
|
133b. Mesopleuron divided by an oblique
suture; hind femur extends to tip of abdomen; mid tibia with
2 apical spurs (Figs.A-D) (parasitoids of spiders) ...... A.........(Hymenoptera)
(Pompiloidea) Pompilidae
|
134a (133a). Mesosternum and metasternum separate, not forming a single
large plate; wings without wrinkles
|
134b. Mesosternum and metasternum form a
flat plate divided by a sinuous transverse suture; fore wing
with fine longitudinal wrinkles beyond the closed cells (Figs.A-B)
(parasitoids of
Scarabaeidae)...... A........(Hymenoptera)
(Scolioidea) Scoliidae
|
135a (134a). Mesosternum simple, without appendages
|
135b. Mesosternum with 2
laminae which overlay or project between the bases of the middle coxae,
extending to midline; spur on tip of abdomen (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of Scarabaeidae)..... A.....
(Hymenoptera)
(Tiphioidea) .. Tiphiidae
|
136a (135a). Body bare or nearly so; hind wing with a prominent
separated lobe at the anal angle (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of bees). ... A......
(Hymenoptera)
(Tiphioidea)
Sapygidae
|
136b. Body almost always obviously hairy;
hind wing of %% without a lobe at the anal angle; 2 spurs on tip of abdomen (Figs.A-C) (parasitoids of Hymenoptera ..........
(Hymenoptera)
(Tiphioidea)
Mutillidae
|
137a (127b). Antennae inserted near clypeus
|
138a (137a). Abdomen sharply margined at sides
|
138b. Abdomen rounded laterally; marginal
vein usually stigmated (Fig.A) (parasitoids of insects in several orders...A....(Hymenoptera) (Ceraphronoidea) Ceraphronidae
|
139a
(138a). Fore wing with a marginal and stigmal vein (Figs.A-C)
(parasitoids of insect eggs) ......A .....
(Hymenoptera)
(Proctotrupoidea)
Scelionidae
|
139b. Fore wing without marginal and stigmal
veins (Figs.A-C) (most parasitoids of Diptera &
Homoptera) ...... (Hymenoptera)
(Proctotrupoidea) Platygastridae
|
Major Families of Adult Entomophagous
Hemiptera / Heteroptera:
140a.
(19a & 40a). Antennae short, usually
concealed.....(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) suborder Cryptocerata (= aquatic bugs)
|
140b. Antennae longer than previously
described, at least as long as head, not concealed .(Hemiptera Heteroptera)
suborder Gymnocerata (= terrestrial bugs)
|
141a (140a). Hind tarsi with claws
|
141b. Hind tarsi without claws, hind tarsi
only flattened (Fig.A) (general predators) ..A...... Hemiptera / Heteroptera)
Notonectidae
|
142a (141a). Membrane of hemelytra without veins
|
142b. Membrane of hemelytra (= front wings) with veins (Fig.A) (predators of other aquatic arthropods) . A...... (Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Belostomatidae
|
143a
(142a). Eyes strongly protruding; toad-like (Fig.A) (general predators)....A......... Hmiptera /
Heteroptera) ........Gelastocoridae
|
143b. Eyes flattened to form one smooth surface with head (Fig.A) (general predators)…(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) ---....
Naucoridae
|
144a
(140b). Fore legs relatively short and slender compared to other
legs; tarsal claws anteapical (especially obvious on
fore legs)
|
144b. Fore legs not noticeably shorter than other legs; if so,
then fore legs thick and modified for grasping; tarsal claws apical
|
145a
(144a). Hind femora extend well beyond apex of abdomen; middle legs
arise closer to hind than to fore legs (Fig.A) (general predators) ........ A.......(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Gerridae
|
145b. Hind femora extend little if any
beyond apex of abdomen; if middle legs arise close to hind legs
than to fore legs, then fore tarsi have only 1
segment (Fig.A) (general predators)
.......... Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Vellidae
|
146a
(144b). Antennae with 4 segments
|
146b. Antennae with 5
segments (Figs.A-D) (mostly phytophagous, but some species
are general
predators)........ A....... emiptera /
Heteroptera) Pentatomidae
|
147a
(146a). Absence of pad-like arolium at base of each tarsal claw, of
if present, fore legs are modified for grasping prey
(raptorial)
|
147b. Pad-like arolium present; membrane of
hemelytron with only 4-5 veins (Figs.A-B) (predatory & phytophagous)..... A.......(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Lygaeidae
|
148a
(147a). Fore legs not raptorial; without a presternal groove
|
148b. Fore legs not raptorial
|
149a (148a). Proboscis with 3 segments; cuneus absent; ocelli
present
|
149b. Proboscis with 4
segments; cuneus present; ocelli absent (Figs.A-C) (a few general predatory
species) .....A.......
(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Miridae
|
150a
(149a). Hemelytra with a cuneus
(= triangular apical part of thickened portion of wing); 0.5-5.0 mm. long (Figs.A-C) (general predators) .... A....(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Anthocoridae
|
150b. Hemelytra without a cuneus; length
variable; membrane of hemelytra with 4-5 closed cells (Fig.A) (general predators) ......... (Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Saldidae
|
151a
(148b). Prosternum with a groove to receive proboscis; proboscis
with 3 segments (Figs.A-B) (general predators).......... A........(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Reduviidae
|
151b. Prosternum without a groove; proboscis
usually with 4 segments (Figs.A-C) (general predators)
...........(Hemiptera /
Heteroptera) Nabidae
|
Major
Families of Adult Predatory & Parasitic
Coleoptera:
152a
(27a, 51b, 54a & 73b).
Head not prolonged into a beak;
gular sutures (= longitudinal sutures
demarking sclerite on ventral side of head) double, at least anteriorly and posteriorly
|
152b. Head usually prolonged into a beak;
gular sutures fused or lacking; antennae not elbowed; elytra cover base of
pygidium (= last dorsal segment of abdomen) (Figs.A-C) (predators of Coccidae)....... A.
......(Coleoptera)
Anthribidae
|
153a
(152a). First abdominal sternite divided by the hind coxal
cavities ......... (Coleoptera)
(Adephaga)
|
153b. First abdominal sternite not
interrupted by hind coxal cavities............. (Coleoptera)
(Polyphaga)
|
154a (153a). Abdomen with 6 or more visible sternites;
antennae filiform
|
154b. Abdomen with only 4
visible sternites; antennae very much thickened apically, clavate or laminate
(Fig.A) (predators of ants)... ..... A........(Coleoptera)
Paussidae
|
155a
(154a). Eyes entire, not divided; antennae elongated,
slender......... (Coleoptera)
Caraboidea)
|
155b. Eyes divided, appear as 2
pairs; antennae short and somewhat clubbed; front legs elongated
and slender (Figs.A-B) (predators of aquatic arthropods).
......A.........(Coleoptera)
(Gyrinoidea)
Gyrinidae
|
156a
(155a). Metasternum with a distinct transverse suture demarking a
triangular antecoxal suture
|
156b. Metasternum without a transverse
suture or antecoxal sclerite; body smooth and hard; hind legs
flattened and fringed with long hairs (Figs.A-C) (predators of aquatic arthropods)...... A.........(Coleoptera)
Dytiscidae
|
157a
(156a). Antennae inserted on front above base of
mandibles; clypeus extends laterally beyond the base of antennae; often
brightly colored insects (Figs.A-C) (general predators) ........A....…...(Coleoptera)
Cicindelidae
|
157b. Antennae inserted on side of head
between base of mandible and eye; clypeus does not extend
laterally beyond base of antennae; most are dark, shiny and flattened (Figs.A-F)
(general predators)......... (Coleoptera)
Carabidae
|
158a
(153b). Antennae usually not clubbed, but if so,
segments are not lamellate
|
158b. Antennae with the last 3-7
segments enlarged, club-like; body heavy, oval or elongated and
usually convex (Figs.A-F) (considered predators of
grasshopper egg pods). ...... .A.... (Coleoptera) Scarabaeidae
|
159a
(158a). Hind tarsi with 4
segments, front and middle tarsi with 5 segments
|
159b. Hind tarsi with at least as many
segments as fore and middle tarsi
|
160a
(159a). Front coxal cavities closed behind
|
160b. Front coxal cavities open behind
|
161a
(160a). Abdominal sternites freely movable (%% only; also refer to
couplet 182); abdomen tip
exposed beyond elytra; last tarsal segment elongated, others are short (Figs.A-D) (predators)........A…(Coleoptera)
Rhizophagidae
|
161b. First 2-4 abdominal sternites somewhat
fused or immovable; eyes usually notched; most are black or brownish (Figs.A-H) (predators).......... (Coleoptera)
Tenebrionidae
|
162a
(160b). Head very much and abruptly constricted
behind eyes
|
162b. Head not much and suddenly constricted
behind eyes.... (Coleoptera)
Pythidae
|
163a (162a). Prothorax usually rounded on sides, without a sharp lateral
margin
|
163b. Prothorax with a sharp lateral margin;
body somewhat humpbacked, with head bent down; abdomen pointed apically,
extending beyond tips of elytra (Figs.A-B) (may be predators) ........A........(Coleoptera) Mordellidae
|
164a
(163a). Base of prothorax narrower than elytra
|
164b. Base of prothorax as wide as elytra;
antennae pectinate (= comb-like); abdomen blunt (Figs.A-B) (parasitoids of Hymenoptera) .........A........Coleoptera)
Rhipiphoridae
|
165a
(164a). Hind coxae large and prominent; elytra soft and flexible;
pronotum narrower than either head or elytra (Figs.A-F) (parasitoids of Hymenoptera) ........A........ (Coleoptera)
Meloidae
|
165b. Hind coxae transverse (= at right angles to
longitudinal axis), not prominent; head constricted behind eyes; ant-like
in appearance (Figs.A-B) (general predators)......... Coleoptera) Anthicidae
|
166a
(159b). Maxillary palpi much shorter than antennae
|
166b. Maxillary palpi as long as, or longer than, antennae; short
clubbed antennae; body oval (Figs.A-B) (general predators
... .. A........(Coleoptera)
Hydrophilidae
|
167a
(166a). Elytra cover most of abdomen, not short
|
167b. Elytra short, exposing much of
abdomen; 6-7 visible abdominal sterna;
well-developed hind
wings, folded when at rest (Figs.A-F) (general predators & some
parasitoids of Diptera
........A…....
(Coleoptera)
Staphylinidae [Also
see Staphylinidae
Identification]
|
168a
(167a). Tarsi with 5 segments on at least one pair of
legs, usually on all legs
|
168b. All tarsi with less than 5
segments
|
169a (168a). Abdomen with at least 6 sternites
|
169b. Abdomen with 5
or less sternites
|
170a
(169a). Front coxae conical, large and prominent
|
170b. Front coxae globular, small and not
prominent; body louse-like, brownish (Fig.A) (general predators) ......... A .........(Coleoptera)
Leptinidae
|
171a
(170a). Abdomen with 6 sternites visible
|
171b. Abdomen with 7-8
sternites visible
|
172a
(171a). Hind coxae not grooved
|
172b. Hind coxae grooved for reception of
femora; orange antennae (also see couplet 189) (Figs.A-C) (parasitoids of cicadas)..... A......... (Coleoptera)
Rhipiceridae
|
173a
(172a). Hind coxae prominent, at least internally
|
173b. Hind coxae flat, not prominent; body
pubescent and often brightly colored (also see couplet 188) (Figs.A-I) (general predators) ........... A..........(Coleoptera)
Cleridae
|
174a
(173a). Tibial spurs large; body often brightly
colored and relatively large (Figs.A-G) (general predators) ....... A........ (Coleoptera)
Silphidae
|
174b. Tibial spurs small, indistinct
(general predators)......... (Coleoptera) Melyridae
(Malachiidae)
|
175a
(171b). Middle coxae touching each other
|
175b. Middle coxae separated, not touching
each other; net-like lines on elytra (Figs.A-B) (general predators) ....... A.
........ (Coleoptera)
Lycidae
|
176a
(175a). Antennae inserted on the upper part of the front
or at the base of its anterior lobe.
|
176b. Antennae inserted at the side of
front, before eye (Fig.A) (general predators) ........ A .........
.(Coleoptera) Drilidae
|
177a
(176a). Head almost completely covered by prothorax; many species
with illuminescent organs (Figs.A-B) (predators of snails)......... .A..........(Coleoptera) Lampyridae
|
177b. Head not at all covered by prothorax;
no light producing organs (Figs.A-C) (general predators)
...... (Coleoptera)
Cantharidae
|
177c. Head not covered by prothorax, adult
females often wingless & luminescent (Figs.A-B) (glow worms; larvae
predaceous on other arthropods) .....….. (Coleoptera)
Phenogodidae
|
178a
(169b). Front coxae globular or transverse
|
178b. Front coxae somewhat conical and
prominent
|
179a
(178a). Front coxae transverse, somewhat cylindrical
|
179b. Front coxae globular
|
180a
(179a). Hind coxae grooved to receive femora.
|
180b. Hind coxae flat, not grooved
|
181a
(180a). Front coxae without a distinctly separated
side piece; some species with enlarged hind femora (Figs.A-B) (general predators)....... .A .........
(Coleoptera)
Helodidae
|
181b. Front coxae with a distinct side piece
(trochantin); body pubescent (Fig.A) (general predators). ….. (Coleoptera) Dascillidae
|
182a
(180b). Tarsi somewhat dilated, 1st segment not shortened
|
182b. Tarsi slender, the metatarsus very
short; body oval or elliptical; pronotum rather closely joined to
base of elytra (Fig.A) (general predators)..... .A.........(Coleoptera)
Ostomatidae
|
183a
(182a). Maxillae with only a single lobe (Figs.A-E) (general
predators)....... .A ........ Coleoptera)
Nitidulidae
|
183b. Maxillae with both an inner and an
outer lobe; abdomen tip exposed beyond elytra; last tarsal
segment elongated, others are short (Fig.A) (also see couplet 160) .......... (Coleoptera)
Rhizophagidae
|
184a
(179b). Prosternum without a median process.
|
184b. Prosternum prolonged behind into a
median process that is received into the mesosternum; posterior corners of
pronotum prolonged posteriorily into sharp points; able to click and jump (Figs.A-C) (general
predators) .........A....
...... (Coleoptera)
Elateridae
|
185a
(184a). Hind coxae not in contact with each other, although they
may be close together in some species
|
185b. Hind coxae in contact with each other;
body oval, shining and convex, usually brownish (Figs.A-B) (predators of aphids)... ..... A .........(Coleoptera)
Phalacridae
|
186a
(185a). Elytra entire, covering the pygidium
|
186b. Elytra short, cut off square at apex,
leaving at least 2 segments of abdomen exposed (Figs.A-B) (general predators)...... A
....... (Coleoptera)
Histeridae
|
187a
(186a). Antennae with 10-11 segments; body flattened
|
187b. Antennae with only 2 segments (Fig.A) (general predators) ..... A ..
(Coleoptera)
Ectrephidae
|
188a
(187a). Maxillae covered by corneous plates (Fig.A) (often included in Cucujidae)..... A.....(Coleoptera)
Cucujidae (old Passandridae).
|
188b. Maxillae exposed (Fig.A) (general predators) ......... (Coleoptera)
Cucujidae
|
189a (178b). Hind coxae dilated into plates which are grooved to receive
femora
|
189b. Hind coxae not grooved; body pubescent
and often brightly colored (also see couplet 172)
(Figs.A-I).
........ A......... (Coleoptera)
Cleridae
|
190a
(189a). Antennae short with last 3 segments much enlarged forming a
strong club; median ocellus present (Figs.A-F) (general
predators)........ .A
..... (Coleoptera)
Dermestidae
|
190b. Antennae not club-shaped; orange in
color (also see couplet 171) (Figs.172b-A-C) ......... (Coleoptera)
Rhipiceridae
|
191a
(168b). Tarsi with 3 segments
|
191b. Tarsi with 4
segments
|
192a
(191a). Second segment of tarsi dilated; body small, oval, convex
and brightly colored (Fig.A) (predators of Homoptera) .......... A…..... (Coleoptera)
Coccinellidae
|
193a
(191b). Abdominal sternites all free and movable; body hairy, often
brightly colored (Figs.A-B) (general predators).........A. ........ (Coleoptera)
Mycetophagidae
|
193b. Abdominal sternites Nos. 1-4
firmly united; body hard, shiny (Figs.A-B) (general predators)
......... (Coleoptera)
Colydiidae
|
Major
Families of Adult Entomophagous Neuroptera:
194a
(16a, 49a, 50a, 68a, 71a & 84a). Head hypognathous (= head and mouthparts projecting downward);
hind wing not folded fan-like when at rest
|
194b. Head prognathous (= head and mouthparts directed
forward); hind wing folded fan-like when not in use ........... (Neuroptera)
(Sialodea)
|
195a
(194a). Antennae usually filiform (= thread-like);
ovipositor not exserted ..(Neuroptera)
(Planipennia).
|
195b. Antennae setiform; ovipositor
exserted.. (Neuroptera)
(Raphidiodea)
|
196a
(194b). Ocelli absent; 4th segment of tarsi bilobed (Figs.A-B). .. .A ...
(Neuroptera) ….. Sialidae
|
196b. With 3 ocelli present; 4th
segment of tarsi not bilobed (Fig.A) .......(Neuroptera)
Corydalidae
|
197a
(195a). Veins and usually cross veins abundant; wings without
whitish powder
|
197b. Veins and crossveins less in number;
wings covered with whitish powder (Fig.A) (mite predators)......
A .............
(Neuroptera)
Coniopterigidae
|
198a
(197a). Large moth-like species; costal area of
fore wing not broad; head small and closely set on prothorax; antennae
long, filiform (= thread-like), with 40-50
segments (Figs.A & C)
....... A.
….....(Neuroptera)
Ithonidae
|
198b. Not as previously described GO To 199
|
199a
(198b). Antennae never enlarged apically, moniliform (= bead-like), filiform (= thread- like), or
rarely pectinate (= comb-like)
|
199b. Antennae at least thickly cylindrical,
usually enlarged towards apex
|
200a
(199a). Hind wings not longer than fore wings, the 2
pairs similar in form and venation
|
200b. Hind wings greatly elongated and ribbon-like, often with
widened, spoon-like ends .... A ... (Figs.A-C)... .. (Neuroptera)
Nemopteridae
|
201a (200a). Front legs not raptorial
|
202a
(201a). Fore wing with 2 or more branches of R-s arising from the apparently fused
stems of
R-1
and R-s
|
202b. Fore wing with all branches of R-s
arising from a single sector
|
203a
(202a). Antennae moniliform in both sexes; ocelli
absent; ovipositor not exserted
|
203b. Antennae pectinate in males;
ocellus-like tubercle present; ovipositor exserted........ Neuroptera)
Dilaridae
|
204a
(203a). Fore wing with 3 or more branches of R-s present, veins R-4 and R-5 arising separately,
some costal veins forked (Fig.A) (general predators) ..... .A. ......(Neuroptera)
Hemerobiidae
|
204b. Fore wing with apparently 2
radial sectors (R-s), one of which is R-2+3 and the other R4+5 .......... (Neuroptera)
Sympherobiidae
|
205a
(202b). Large moth-like species; costal area of fore wing very
broad; the S-c, R-1
and R-s are
closely parallel....... (Figs.A-B) .......A.….. (Neuroptera)
Psychopsidae
|
205b. Not as previously described
|
206a
(205b). Ocelli absent
|
207a
(206a). Humeral cross vein forming a recurrent vein; discal area of wings distinct from costal and marginal areas by
series of cross veins; S-c and R-1 fused apically (Fig.A)....... .A....... (Neuroptera)
Polystoechotidae
|
207b. Humeral cross vein not forming a
recurrent vein; discal area of wings not differentiated from
marginal area
|
208a
(207b). Vertex (= top of head) flattened
|
209a
(208a). Costal cross veins not forked
|
209b. Costal cross veins forked
|
210a
(209a). Wings of nearly equal width, fore wing with all branches of
R-s arising from a single
sector (Figs.A-E). ........A......... (Neuroptera)
Chrysopidae
|
210b. Fore wing distinctly wider than hind
wing (Fig.A)........ (Neuroptera)
Apochrysidae
|
211a
(209b). Fore wing with S-c
and R fused before wing tip; seed-like
scales often present on wings
(Figs.A-B) ........A........ (Neuroptera)
Berothidae
|
211b. Fore wings with S-c
and R not fused apically; hairs of body
and wing conspicuously long (Fig.A)........Neuroptera)
Trichomatidae
|
212a
(199b). Wings about 1/3rd as wide as long; costal area
wide (Fig.A) .....A...... (Neuroptera)
Myiodactylidae
|
212b. Wings much narrower than above
|
213a
(212b). Antennae quite distinctly club-like or flattened, subcostal
cell without cross vein
|
213b. Antennae elongated cylindrical;
subcostal area with many cross veins (Figs.A-B) ….A...... (Neuroptera)
Nymphidae
|
214a
(213a). Antennae about as long as head and thorax
|
215a
(214a). Antennae weakly clubbed, knobbed, or flattened apically;
abdomen long and slender; body and wings pubescent
....... (Figs.A-D) ......A .......
(Neuroptera)
Myrmeleontidae
|
215b. Antennae strongly clubbed; abdomen and
wings shiny. ........ (Neuroptera) Stilbopterygidae
|
Major
Families of Adult Entomophagous Strepsiptera:
(Adults) (Immatures) (Separate Key)
Males of Strepsiptera (for Females go to 222)
217a
(5a & 73b). Tarsi with fewer than 5
segments and clawless
|
218a
(217a). Tarsi with 4 segments
|
218b. Tarsi with 2-3
segments
|
219a
(218a). Antennae with less than 7 segments
|
220a
(219a). Third and 4th antennal segments laterally
fan-like........
(Strepsiptera)
Callipharixenidae
|
221a
(218b). Tarsi with 2 segments; antennae with 4
segments (Figs.A-B) ........A.......... (Strepsiptera)
Elenchidae
|
221b. Tarsi with 3
segments; antennae with 7 segments (Figs.A-D). .......... (Strepsiptera)
Halictophagidae
|
222a
(58a & 76a). Adult stage partially endoparasitic,
without legs, antennae or eyes
|
222b. Adult stage free-living, with legs,
antennae and eyes (Figs.A-B). A. (Strepsiptera) Mengenillidae (Mengeidae)
|
Females of Strepsistera (for
Males go to 217)
223a
(222a). Cephalothorax (= head + thorax) without
hook-like projections behind spiracles
|
223b. Cephalothorax with hook-like
projections behind spiracles......… (Strepsiptera) . Stichotrematidae
|
224a
(223a). Cephalothorax with single pair of spiracles; thoracic
segments not well defined
|
224b. Cephalothorax greatly elongated, with 2
pairs of spiracles, or with head and thoracic segments
distinct... ....... Strepsiptera)
Callipharixenidae
|
225a
(224a). Parasitoids of Homoptera or Gryllidae
|
225b. Parasitoids of Hymenoptera ..........
( Strepsiptera)
Stylopidae
|
226a
(225a). Brood-passage opening a narrow, linear or oblong slit;
thorax prominent..... (Strepsiptera)
Halictophagidae
|
226b. Brood-passage opening broad and
semicircular; thorax reduced and ring-like in back of brood-passage
opening. ...... (Strepsiptera)
Elenchidae
|
Major
Families of Adult Entomophagous Lepidoptera:
227a (10a,
38a, 48a & 80a). Antennae simple or
modified, but usually not swollen apically; hind wing with frenulum (= bristle
or group of bristles arising at humeral angle); ocelli often present ........... (Lepidoptera)
(Heterocera)
|
228a (227a). Wings absent or greatly reduced in
size
|
228b. Wings normally developed.
|
229a (228a). Moth does not develop in a sac
constructed by the larva
|
231a (228b). Hind wing with 3
anal veins; fore wing usually with 1st anal vein reaching wing margin
|
231b. Hind wing with 2
anal veins, rarely with 1
|
232a (231a). Hind wing with veins S-c+R-1 and R-s
widely separate beyond discal cell
|
232b. Hind wing with veins S-c+R-1 and R-s fused or closely
parallel between discal cell and wing tip
|
233a (232a). Fore wings with radial (accessory)
cell
|
234a (233a). Proboscis vestigial
|
234b. Mouthparts usually developed, with
scaled proboscis
|
236a (231b). Fore wing with single complete anal
vein
|
237a (236a). Shaft of antennae tapering evenly from
base to tip
|
238a (232b & 237a). Hind wing with S-c
usually free from R-s along the cell, though sometimes
extending near it (also see couplet 230) …(Lepidoptera)
Pyralidae
(Chrysauginae, ......... Phycitinae, Pyraustinae)
|
238b. Hind wing with Sc fused with
Rs for short distance before the middle of cell ..... .. Noctuidae
|
239a (234b). Maxillary palpi straight and extend
forward horizontally, or vestigial
|
240a (239a). Basal segment of antenna simple,
though often with scales, hairs, or bristles
|
241a (240a). Hind wing with well-developed anal
region; venation almost complete
|
241b. Hind wing narrow-lanceolate or linear;
venation often reduced.
|
242a (241a). Hind wing with anal vein not distally
forked
|
244a (241b). Fore wing with discal cell formed
|
245a (244a). Hind tarsi without evident groups of
bristles
|
246a (245a). Fore wing with discal cell set
obliquely, the end distinctly closer to the hind margin than to
costa; vein Cu-2
very short and usually extending directly back to wing margin
|
246b. Fore wing with discal cell axial and
central; vein Cu-2
normally long and continuing parallel
with median veins (also see couplet 247) ....... ( Lepidoptera)
Lavernidae & Cosmopterygidae
|
248. Major Families and Some Subfamilies
of Adult Chalcidoidea:
Generalized drawings of Chalcidoidea morphology by
Noyes & Valentine (1989) are Presented in Figs.A-G.
For greater detail on
specific geographic areas also
please refer to regional
keys as follows:
World Key (J. S. Noyes) = <noyes.htm>
North America = <nearct-1.key.htm>
Canada =
<nearct-2.key.htm>
Neotropics (in Spanish) = <neotro-1.key.htm>
Europe =
<palear-3.key.htm>
Czech & Slovak Republics = <palear-4.key.htm>
Southern Africa = <ethiop-1.key.htm>
India & Surroundings = <india-1.key.htm>
Australasia = <austra-1.key.htm> & <austra-3.key.htm>
New Zealand = <austra-2.key.htm>
248a (123b). Hind femur enlarged, with ventral teeth, either a few large
or many small ones (saw-like)
(Fig.A); hind
tibia not quite equal to femur and arched; specimens usually 5-15 mm, broad bodied, rarely <1-2
mm .......A.
|
248b. Hind femur not enlarged, ventral
teeth, if present, 2 or less, or ventral edge serrated
(Fig. A); hindtibia straight (rarely half
length of femur); specimens usually 1-10 mm., robust to fragile
|
249a (248a). Prepectus reduced or fused (Fig.A), not readily apparent, of if so, not
triangular in outline
(Fig.A).... A
|
249b. Prepectus in the form of a triangular
plate (Fig.A)
|
250a (249a). Ovipositor directed horizontally [in
most species not extended beyond tip of abdomen]; tegula almost an oval
disc; fore wing not folded longitudinally; posterior gena with distinct
ridge; body often large but not usually metallic (Figs.A-D)....A .....
Chalcididae
|
250b. Ovipositor curved upwards over abdomen
(Fig.A); male abdomen covered by pitted hard covering of fused dorsal plates (Fig.A ); tegula narrowly extended forward,
ladel-like; fore
wing often folded longitudinally; body large, wasp-like, with fore wing
longitudinally folded
as in Vespidae, frequently with black and yellow pattern (Figs.B-D) ....... Leucospidae
|
251a (250a). Frons projects as 2
"horns" (surrounding antennae) in dorsal view (Fig.A); petiole on abdomen, not long but with
distinct dorsal ridges; ventral edge of hind femur with smoothly arched
comb of minute teeth (Figs.B-C)...... A
....... Chalcididae (generalized) (Dirhininae)
[also see fly-par.htm
]
|
251b. Frons not modified as
"horns," mostly flat in dorsal view (Fig.A); hind tibia almost perpendicularly
squared at tip; 2 hind tibial spurs ...…....
Chalcididae (Haltichellinae)
|
251c. Frons not modified as
"horns," mostly flat in dorsal view; hind tibia obliquely squared
at tip (Fig.A); either 1hind
tibial spur or spur not apparent; abdominal petiole eitherconcealed or
much shorter than 1/2
length of abdomen and not striated longitudinally ............ Chalcididae
(Chalcidinae)
|
252a (249b). Eyes diverge ventrally; antennae
inserted low on face; ovipositor not protrudin (Figs.A-B).........=A..........Pteromalidae
(Chalcedectini: Cleonyminae)
(part) [also see [also see 294]
|
252b.
Eyes
nearly parallel; antennae inserted near middle of face; ovipositor
protruding (Figs.A-C) .......
Torymidae (generalized) (Podagrionini:
Monodontomerinae) (part)
|
253a (248b). Antennae with 5-7 segments between pedicel and
club; tarsi usually with 5 segments
(if with 4, then males of Tetracampidae, or
tiny specimens with long antennae and characteristic wings, (see Mymaridae
illustrations) (Fig.A)..........
A.
|
253b. Antennae with 0-4
segments between pedicel and club; tarsi with 3,
4, or 5
segments (Fig.A); or specimens 0.2-1
or 2 mm. long and such characters hard
to see (many tiny fragile specimens)
|
254a (253a). Hind wing without stalk, expanded as
shown; forewing venation ends beyond basal 1/3rd
(postmarginal present, stigmal elongated to sessile) (Fig.A); specimens usually >2
mm ......... .A
|
254b. Hind wing stalked and elongated
(rarely reduced to only a short stub, hooked at tip); fore wing venation
linear, ending in basal 1/3rd (postmarginal vein absent,
stigmal rudimentary), or seemingly absent; specimens usually <2
mm
|
255a (254b). Abdominal petiole with distinct 2
segments and very thin; fore wing reticulate (= net-like); both fore and hind
wings narrow at base into a linear stalk (Fig.A); mandibles with teeth
exodont (extended outwards); antennal
sockets closer to eyes than to each other (rare in North American
collections) .......... .A.........
Mymerommatidae
|
255b. Abdominal petiole with 1
segment or none; fore wing membrane smooth, hind wing membrane
not reaching base, but reduced to a linear stalk formed by submarginal vein
(Fig.A); frons with H-shaped impressed lines (Fig.A ); antennal
sockets much closer to eyes than to each other; egg parasites
(common in North American collections) .... (Figs.B-H). ... Mymaridae
|
256a (254a). Mesopleuron concave; midtibial spur
thin and like a spine (Fig.A)... ......A
|
256b. Mesopleuron convex (bulging); midtibial
spur relatively thick (Fig.A)
|
257a (256a). Head projects forward, female mandible
with rasplike appendage; female scape always distinctly widened but
irregular in shape (Fig.A), 3rd antennal segment not ring-like
but extended mesodorsally into a thick spine (Fig.A); eyes very small or vestigial, celli
mostly absent; at least hind tibia shorter than femur; male wingless (much
modified) or
short-winged, wing stumps often as short filaments, rarely with narrow wing
blade; body yellowish to dark brown or black, with shortened spiny tibiae,
tarsal segments often very reduced; not parasitic and collected from fig
fruits (Figs.B-F)...... A.....Agaonidae
|
257b. Head projects downward,female without
appendage on mandible; hind tibia at least as long as femur,
usually longer; male similar to female (Fig.A)
|
258a (257b). Antennal insertion definitely more
than one socket diameter above free margin of clypeus; if doubtful, then
either eyes diverge ventrally or side of head ("cheeks") ridged (carinate) ......A..… (Fig.A)
|
258b. Antennal insertion less than one
socket diameter above free margin of clypeus; if doubtful, side of head
without ridges .......(Fig.A)
|
259a (258b). Antennae arise at side and below free
margin of clypeus; thorax with some distinct pits or wrinkles, often also
head; scutellum without sublateral lines but often with pitted frenal
line (Fig.A ); fore
wing membrane flat, pubescent, without a tuft of scales; frons with median
pitted groove; abdominal petiole longer than wide; body black or slightly metallic (Figs.B-D) (common in North American collections)......A...Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae)....[also
see 294 and fly-par.htm ]
|
259b. Antennae arise slightly above free
margin of clypeus; abdominal petiole not visible (Fig. A) (rare in North American collections)
........ Pteromalidae (Ceinae)
[also see Asaphinae & Eunotinae].
|
260a (258a). Fore wing stigma enlarged (Fig.A), longer than stigmal vein, and
projects toward hind
margin of wing; ovipositor sheaths always protruding; antennae with 7
funicle segments;
thorax with rather sparse and usually outstanding conspicuous hairs, always without
short hairs; body often somewhat yellow and rarely metallic (Figs.B-C)
....... .A.........
Torymidae
(Megastigminae).
|
260b. Fore wing stigma not enlarged, shorter
than stigmal vein (stigma at times surrounded by pigmented
tainlike area); ovipositor and antenna variable (Fig.A)
|
261a (260b). Scutellum with submedian grooves that
meet prescutal sutures and outline a median rectangular area (ra) or
stigmal vein long and almost at right angle to marginal vein (Figs.A-B) (rare in collections from fig fruits
in Florida .... .A
..... Torymidae (Sycophaginae)
|
261b. Scutellum without submedian grooves,
prescutal sutures separated from scutellum by axilla (= triangular or rounded sclerite
on side of scutellum and mostly just back of the base of
front wing); either stigmal vein ling and angled off of marginal vein or
short (Fig.A) (common
& widespread in North America)
|
262a (261b). Hind coxa much longer and wider than
forecoxa by 2-3 times; if doubtful, then
prescutal sutures absent or weak and female with protruding ovipositor (Fig.A ........... A.
|
262b. Hind coxa nearly same size as fore
coxa; if doubtful, then prescutal sutures well developed and female ovipositor not protruding
(Fig.A)
|
263a (262a). Ovipositor at least a little
protruding; both sexes: abdomen without pits; propodeum
postero-laterally angled and does not project over hind coxa (dorsal view); cerci of
last dorsal plate elongated or 4-sided and with long setae (not as
apparent in male as
female); pronotum mostly long, often almost conical; prepectus almost equal
to tegula; hind
tibial spurs thin; male abdomen collapsed or convex, in latter case at
least as high as broad,
without lateral edge (Figs.A-E) .. .A ...
Torymidae..
.(Subfamilies: 264)
|
263b. Ovipositor not protruding; both sexes: pronotum relatively short; abdomen with
pits and always
heavily sclerotized; propodeum postero-laterally rounded and projects over
hind coxa (dorsal view); cerci of last dorsal
plate reduced to low plates (like a disk); prepectus much smaller than tegula; hind tibial
spurs thickened (Figs.A-B) ........... Ormyridae
|
264a (263a). Metapleuron with straight anterior
margin; stigmal vein much shorter than breadth of coastal cell, stigma at
most only slightly knobbed (Fig.A ); head and thorax always metallic or
slightly so in Australian species; hairs on thorax usually dense and short
........ A
........ Torymidae (Monodontomerinae)
|
264b. Metapleuron with anterior margin
angled or protruding forward (Fig.A ), so that metapleuron
forms a distinct lobe; antennae of Australian species always with 1
anellus (ring segment) and 7
funicular segments (Fig.B) ......
Torymidae (Toryminae)
|
265a (262b). Pronotum rectangular in dorsal view,
about as wide as scutum, sides parallel and flat laterally; body black, yellow, or mixed black &
yellow, but rarely faintly metallic; thorax mostly with coarse hairy pits;
abdomen usually oval in crossview and compressed laterally (Figs.A-D) ........ A .....
Eurytomidae
(Subfamilies: 266)
|
265b. Pronotum in dorsal view narrowed to a transverse (= at right angles to longitudinal
axis) strip,
or not visible (if elongated, then narrower at base than apex and sides
concave to accomodate front femora (rare, some Cleonyminae); body often
metallic blue or green, rarely black; abdomen usually keel-shaped
(triangular in cross view) and somewhat compressed dorsally (Fig.A)
|
266a (265a). Prepectus (p) as large or larger than
tegula; antennae at most with 12 segments (Fig.A ), with
only 1 ring segment and this often
almost fused with first funicular A segment; apical segments mostly fused
into a club (Fig.B) ........ Eurytomidae
(Eurytominae)
|
266b. Prepectus smaller than tegula (Fig.A)
|
267a (266b). Scutellum with projection; tegula
sculptured (Fig.A). .....A.
...... Eurytomidae (Heimbrinae)
|
267b. Scutellum without projection; tegula
smooth; antennae with 13 segments (Fig.A), the segments after pedicel either not
differentiated or proximal 3 segments of flagellum shortened and then almost anelliform (= ring-like)........ Eurytomidae (Rileyinae)
|
268a (265b). Pronotum not visible in dorsal view,
covered by distinctly arched scutum; sculpture on thorax often coarse;
abdomen like a rudder, on long petiole; marginal vein usually
very long, but sometimes poorly defined; mandibles often sickle-shaped,
narrow (Fig.A ); marginal vein unusually long in
some species (Figs.B-E)...Eucharitidae...A….(Subfamilies: 269)
|
268b. Pronotum visible in dorsal view,
scutum not heavily arched; abdomen usually elongated and petiole usually
not visible.... (petiolate forms occur) (Fig.A)
|
270a (268b). Abdomen covered by first two dorsal
plates (or seemingly covered by single plate); prepectus often fused with
side panel of pronotum (Fig.A), if prepectus clearly separated
than face with discernible supraclypeal area and strong mandibles only 2-toothed
(Fig.A); prescutal sutures always complete; body short and
squat; head with well defined clypeus
and at least 1 mandible with 2
teeth; body metallic to black, thorax mostly with coarse hairy pits (Figs.B-C) ......A...…..........
Perilampidae (Subfamilies:….. 271)
|
270b. Abdomen with 3
or more readily visible dorsal plates; body usually elongated; head variable
but usually with inconspicuous clypeus and small mandibles with 3-4
teeth; either prescutal sutures incomplete or
antenna with 13 segments (Figs.A-B) .......... Pteromalidae...(Subfamilies: 272 &
294)
|
271a (270a). Prepectus not fused to pronotum;
suture clearly visible (Fig.A)..... A..... Perilampidae (Chrysolampinae)
|
271b. Prepectus fused to pronotum (suture
absent or barely visible) (Figs.A-D) ............. Perilampidae (Perilampinae)
|
272a (270b). Axillae (ax) advanced far forward of scutellum or cuts a
distinct angle into side lobe of scutum (Fig.A)......... A
|
272b.
Axillae
not extended forward of scutellum, or if slightly advanced, does not cut a
distinct angle into side lobe of scutum .... (Fig.A)
|
273b. Axillae not enlarged, not close
medially; body without white, scale-like setae (Fig.A)
|
274a (273b). Scutellum posterior without triangular
"projection" and with parallel dorsal grooves;
ovipositor often protruding (Fig.A) ...... .A..... Pteromalidae (Colotrechninae) ....[also
see 294]
|
274b. Scutellum posterior with triangular
"projection" (is part of metanotum) and without apparent dorsal
grooves; scapula extends backwards outside the rectangular outer corner of
axilla, axilla 2X as long as broad; mid tarsus
with 4 segments, unusually long (Fig.A), first segment as long as rest;
prepectus unusually small Pteromalidae (Macromesinae).[also see 294]
|
275a (272b). Head in dorsal view with posterior
ocelli touching sharp occipital (= dorsal posterior)
edge, gena usually posteriorly ridged; clypeal margin not extended;
thorax A hariness mostly replaced by sparce
bristles (Figs.A-C) …......
Pteromalidae (Eunotinae).... [also
see 294]
|
275b. Head in dorsal view with posterior
ocelli distant from rounded occipital margin; if doubtful, then head with curved black spines (Fig.A)
|
276a (275b). Head with projection between antennae,
visible both from above and side (antennae not shown) (Fig.A); body and antennae shiny, latter
usually always without anelli (= ring segments); wings, if not
reduced, without conspicuous hariness but with fine long marginal fringe,
sometimes with a tuft at stigma; marginal vein usually long, but postmarginal
and stigmal veins short; body yellowish to blackish, rarely metallic.
......... .A.....
Pteromalidae (Cerocephalinae)....[also
see 294]
|
276b. Head without interantennal projection
(Fig.A)...,,,,...A..
|
277a (276b). Head and thorax dorsally with black, curved spines; antennae
with 13 segments; hind coxae
with fine longitudinal ridges and inserted unusually high (Fig.A), its outer face often with
longitudinal sculpture; short-winged or wingless females common ......... .A......... Pteromalidae
(Diparinae)....[also
see 294]
|
277b. Head and thorax may have setae, but
not black spines; hind coxae sculptured or smooth, without
longitudinal ridges ........... (Fig.A)
|
278a (277b). Body typically elongated (1-2
cm.); head with ridged, raised areas (crests) between
eye and scrobal basin; pronotum in dorsal view about 2X
as long as broad, also petiole, legs and wings unusually long and slender (Fig.A); ovipositor protrudes, long; antennae with 13
segments without ring segments; very rare in NorthAmerica)........A. .......Pteromalidae
(Leptofoeninae)....[also
see 294]
|
278b. Body less elongated (usually less than
1 cm.); head without ridged, raised
area between eye and scrobal basin (Fig.A) (commonly collected in North America)
..........A.
|
279a (278b). Eyes divergent ventrally, parallel
dorsally; pronotum often, though not always, longer than wide, dorsally rounded
and medially often with smooth strip or raised longitudinal line; thorax
usually pitted (Figs.A-C) ........ .A. ....... Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae).... [also see 294]
|
279b. Eye margins mostly parallel; pronotum
always wider than long (Fig.A)
|
280a (279b). Either eyes, head, and thorax densely
covered with setae, or scutellum largely
A ........
.polished and with only 2 pairs of bristles (rare in North
American collections) (Fig.A)
|
280b. Eyes not densely covered with setae,
head and thorax occasionally so; scutellum rarely with
paired bristles, but if so there are 3 or more pairs and they are
inconspicuous (Fig.A)
|
281a (280a). Eyes, head and thorax densely covered
with setae; first dorsal plate without distinct longitudinal grooves;
head including large eyes, thorax dorsally and wings regularly densely
hairy, never with paired bristles (Fig.A); postmarginal vein much longer than
stigmal. ........ A
.......... (Herbertinae)....[also
see 294]
|
281b. Eyes not covered with setae; scutellum
largely polished and with 2 pairs of prominent bristles;
male antennae with 6 conspicuous segments between
pedicel and club (Fig.A), rarely 5
(Fig.A); marginal vein at least 4X
as long as stigmal vein (Fig.A), fore wing mostly
very densely hairy, including basal 1/3rd; in females antenna with 6
distinct funicular
segments and sometimes with 1 ring-like segment (Fig.A); female propodeum often very hairy (Figs.A-C) ............ Tetracampidae
|
282a (280b). Sides of head ("cheeks")
laterally ridged, temple absent (Fig.A), gena posteriorly produced
into a lamina; antenna clubbed, all preclub segments of flagellum at right
angles to
longitudinal axis; scutellum anteriorly with 2
deep pits; second dorsal plate of petiolate abdomen very large, covering most
of dorsum, dorsally somewhat fused with the 1st dorsal plate. ...
.A........ Pteromalidae (Asaphinae)....[also
see 294]
|
282b. Sides of head rounded laterally; notauli (= longitudinal sutures of the
mesonotum separating
the median area from the lateral area) incomplete and wide apart; marginal
vein widened in basal part (Fig.A); clypeal margin often with deep
incision and asymmetric teeth; dorsum of thorax
reticulate, almost bare, without bristles (Fig.B) ..... Pteromalidae
(Pteromalinae / Miscogasterinae) .......... .[also see 294]
|
283a (256b). Cercus at tip of abdomen; fore and
midcoxae separated (midcoxa posterior to midpoint of mesopleuron); axillae
(ax) do not meet medially (if so, at least as long as wide);
marginal vein longer than stigmal or postmarginal (Fig.A) .........A
|
283b. Cercus anterior to tip of abdomen;
fore & mid coxae nearly touching (mid coxa anterior to middle of
mesopleuron) (Fig.A); flagellum with at most 9
segments (occasionally one very small ring-like segment); axillae transverse (= at right angle with
longitudinal axis), often meeting
in midline (Fig.A); marginal vein often shorter than
stigmal or postmarginal; mesoscutum
convex and short; prescutal sutures absent or indicated by superficial
lines converging to meet at the pointed front
end of scutellum (Figs.B-Z) ......... Encyrtidae (adults-1) (adults-2) [also see fly-par.htm ]
|
284a (283a). Prescutal sutures mostly invisible, do
not meet; prepectus flat, not projected flagellum with 7-8
segmented funicle plus club; mid coxae much closer to hind coxae than to
fore ones (Fig.A); axillae not obviously at right
angles with longitudinal axis and mostly wide apart so that scutellum is
only rarely pointed anteriorly; marginal vein always much longer
than stigmal vein (Figs.B-F) ...... A........Eupelmidae...(Subfamilies: 285)
|
284b. Prepectus swollen, in dorsal view
protruding forwards as conspicuous shoulders (Fig.A), prescutal sutures meet medially;
pronotum very short; always fully winged, stigmal vein fairly long
but shorter than marginal (Fig.A); antennae with 12
segments; tropical and phytophagous
(not parasitic) .......... Tanaostigmatidae
|
285a
(284a). Lack membranous area anterior to mid
coxal insertion (Fig.A)
.......A
........ Eupelmidae (Metapelmatinae)
|
285b. With membranous area anterior to
midcoxal insertion (Fig.A)
|
286a (285b). Scutum wider than pronotum, with anterolateral shoulders
produced (Fig.A) ........ A. ......... .Eupelmidae (Calosotinae)
|
286b. Scutum not much wider than pronotum,
with anterolateral shoulders indistinct (Figs.A-B)
......... Eupelmidae (Eupelminae)
|
287a (253b). Usually 1
mm. or longer; body often metallic or dark in color; abdomennarrowly joined at
propodeum (petiole may or may not be apparent); tarsi always with 4
segments; postmarginal vein present or absent (Fig.A)...........A.
|
287b. Usually 1
mm or less in length; body mostly pale yellow to white, sometimes with dark markings
or wholly dark, but not metallic; abdomen broadly joined to propodeum;
postmarginal vein absent; tarsi usually with 3-5
segments (if 4 segments, then club large and
undivided or wing fringed with long setae, or middle tarsi with only 4
segments) (Fig A)
|
288a (287a). Hind coxa greatly enlarged; posterior
scutellum with triangular, usually translucent flap
overhanging propodeum; hind tibia with irregular, linear, or diamond-shaped
patterns of
setae; prescutal sutures indistinct; tarsi with 4
segments; fore wing very narrow, wedge-shaped and almost completely hairy,
without outstanding bristles; male antenna with 3
branches.......... (Fig.A); general appearance (Figs.A-E) ...... .A ......
Elasmidae
|
288b. Hind coxa not greatly enlarged
(normal); posterior scutellum without overhanging triangular flap;
hind tibia without irregular setal patterns; body ranges from minute to medium
size (Figs.A-D) (up to 6 mm long) ..........Eulophidae..(Subfamilies: 289)
|
289a (288b). Scutellum usually with 1
pair of setae; submarginal vein with 2 dorsal bristles (except some
Neotropical genera with more); stigmal vein always very short and
postmarginal even shorter than stigmal; face usually with scrobal and
facial grooves; notaular grooves abruptly directed sideways and before the bend
at least shortly interrupted; fully winged (Fig.A)......... A....... . Eulophidae (Entedoninae)
|
289b. Scutellum with 2
pairs of setae (rarely 3 or more); submarginal with 3
or more setae (rarely
with 1 or 2);
face usually without distinct grooves
|
290a (289b). Fore wing with bare area posterior to
marginal vein with single row of setae; usually with 2-3 "lines of setae" radiating
from stigmal vein; scutellum in dorsal view entire, without longitudinal
grooves, axillae on its sides separated by a depression which is not
visible dorsally (Fig.A); female abdomen with 2
dorsal plates after the 6th (spiracle bearing),
these loose or only partly fused ....... A........ Eulophidae (Euderinae)
|
290b. Fore wing usually evenly setose
posterior to marginal vein without row of setae; rarely with any
"lines of setae" radiating from stigmal, when present, usually
only one (Fig.A)
|
291a (290b). Postmarginal vein usually absent or
rudimentary; shiny scutellum often with paired submedian grooves that
divide the scutellum into 3 distinct pieces (Figs.A-B) ....... .A. ...…... Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae)
|
291b. Postmarginal vein present, stigmal
vein usually moderately long; submarginal vein at distal end
usually smooth curving into stigma (Fig.A); scutellum without submedian grooves,
rarely with lateral grooves, when present at extreme lateral margins,
scutellum usually
with 2 or more pairs of setae (Fig.A), in some
species with additional hairiness .......... Eulophidae (Eulophinae)
|
292a (287b). Tarsi with 3
segments, all segments elongated and almost of same length (Fig.A); setae
on wings usually arranged in rows; stigmal vein usually elongated,
postmarginal vein absent (Fig.A);
antennae short (5-9 segments) (Fig.A)
and with few discernible funicular segments, male with elongated antennal
"setae."; body minute, rarely exceeding 1
mm in length, never metallic (Figs.B-C); egg parasites
........ A.
........ Trichogrammatidae
|
292b. Tarsi with 4-5
segments; setae on wings largely absent, evenly covering wings, or with
only a few bare spots or rows present; stigmal vein short and not obviously
divergent from wing margin; antennae variable, but usually with discernible
funiclar segments (if not, then with large undivided club) (Fig.A)
|
293a (292b). Propodeum without median triangular
area; scutellum (sc) not transverse (anterior, posterior sides not
parallel), axillae (ax) distinct from scutellum, rarely meeting medially;
club of antenna almost always segmented (a few species here have antennae
like Signiphoridae). Axillae (ax) do not meet medially,
generally widely separated; prescutal sutures (n) present and mostly far
apart, complete (Fig.A) and abdomen broadly sessile; fore wing
post marginal vein mostly absent; (antennal club in Eretmocerus large and undivided, tarsi with 4
segments); body usually less than 1
mm long, rarely 1.7 mm, always not metallic (Figs.B-H) ......... A. ...... Aphelinidae
|
293b. Propodeum with triangular median area (Fig.A); scutellum (sc) transverse (sides parallel),
fused with axillae and forming a narrow cross-belt or widely separated;
prescutal sutures complete but fine, linear; thorax smooth; club of antenna
elongated and not segmented; male antennae simple; fore wing not especially
narrow, basal 13rd mostly bare but with
several very prominent bristles; body small, hardly ever >1mm
long, usually black and
depressed dorsally, always winged, abdomen broadly sessile (Figs.B-C) ........ Signiphoridae
|
Subfamilies
of Pteromalidae (especially
Australasian species):
294a (252a, 259a, 270b, 274a,b; 275a,
276a, 277a, 278a, 279a, 281a, 282a,b). Stigmal vein arising
at almost right angle (Fig.A) and longer than postmarginal vein
(dwarfed) sometimes with rudimentary wings); body not metallic, usually
yellowish or blackish, thorax along median line almost smooth and bare
except for paired setae (rarely more setae sublaterally), including rare
shortwinged forms; oral depression on back of head much constricted or
separated from foramen
magnum (=
opening on posterior side of head) by postgenal bridge (as in Fig.B); [tarsi sometimes with 4
segments; antenna sometimes with one ring segment, number of other segments
variable] ...... A.......
non-Pteromalidae ,
Agaonidae (Epichrysomallinae)
|
294b. Stigmal vein at acute angle or, if
rarely approaching right angle (e.g., some Ormocerinae), then stigmal vein
shorter than postmarginal and thorax dorsally with distinct sculpture and extensively
hairy even in median line; back of head usually broadly open between oral depression
and foramen magnum; mostly quite different from that previously described; winged or
wingless
|
295a (294b). Narrowed base of antennal scape about 4X
as long as broad (Fig.A), sockets wide apart
but close to mouth, antennal formula 1125(3); face collapsing so that eyes
come close together; body and appendages very slender, ovipositor long;
marginal vein at least 8X as long as the very short
stigmal vein, but postmarginal vein long (Fig.B) ....... A.......... Pteromalidae (Louriciinae)
|
295b.
Narrowed
base of scape hardly ever longer than broad (exceptionally 2X
so in Storeya), antennae different, also body and
venation different
|
296a (295b). Antennal sockets situated on lower
margin of head (Fig.A-B), overhanging the mouth;
antenna 1171, (= with 7
funicular segments but no ring segments); head prognathous (= projecting forward) or almost;
abdomen on distinct petiole; marginal vein very long, stigmal and
postmarginal veins short. ......... A.
|
296b. Sockets located at least slightly
above mouth margin; antennal formula usually different or
venation different
|
297a (296a). Body mainly yellowish; head and thorax
almost smooth; scutellum with fine out-curving sublateral lines; disc of fore
wing convex and almost bare, at stigma a group or tuft of black scales (Fig.A); frons without median groove ........ A...…... Pteromalidae (Storeyinae)
|
297b. Body black or slightly metallic; at
least thorax with some distinct pits or wrinkles, often also head;
scutellum without sublateral lines but often with pitted frenal line (Fig.A); fore wing disc flat, pubescent, without
a tuft of scales; (frons with median pitted groove) (Figs.B-C) ........ Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae) [also see fly-par.htm
]
|
298a (296b). Head almost prognathous or globose (Figs.A-B), with large ridge or tooth between
antennae, and with conspicuous occipital
carina (= ridge
on dorsal posterior head); body
and antennae shiny, latter without ring segments (one exception: (Fig.C); wings, if
not rudimentary, then not obviously hairy but with fine long
marginal fringe, sometimes with a
tuft at stigma, marginal vein fairly long but postmarginal and stigmal
veins short; [body yellowish to blackish, rarely with metallic gloss]
..…...A........... .Pteromalidae (Cerocephalinae)
|
298b. Head either quite different, most orthognathous, (= with mouth directed ventrad),
or antennae
and wings different from previous
|
299a (298b). Antennae with not more than one ring
segment and at least 12 segments (as in Fig.A, club counted as 3);
sometimes proximal flagellar segments gradually, even extensively shortened, almost
ring-like, but otherwise not different from distal ones (Figs.B-D)..........A.
|
299b. Antennae either
with at least 2 true ring segments (these clearly
different from larger following
segments which bear sensilla), or with fewer than 12
segments (club sometimes undivided but counted as 3
segments)
|
300a (299a). Head somewhat cube-like and with
toothed parascrobal crests (Fig.A); pronotum in dorsal
view about 2X as long as broad, also petiole,
legs and wings unusually long and slender (Fig.B); ovipositor protruding, long; antennae
with 13 segments, without ring segments......... A.......... Pteromalidae (Leptofoeninae)
|
300b. Head at right angles to longitudinal
axis and mostly without toothed parascrobal crests, or other
characters at least partly different than previous
|
300a (299a). Head somewhat cube-like and with toothed parascrobal crests
(Fig.A); pronotum in dorsal view about 2X
as long as broad, also petiole, legs and wings unusually long and slender (Fig.B); ovipositor protruding, long; antennae with 13
segments, without ring segments
........ A..........
Pteromalidae (Leptofoeninae)
|
300b. Head at right angles to longitudinal
axis and mostly without toothed parascrobal crests, or other
characters at least partly different than previous
|
301a (300b).
Pronotum large and almost conical,
collar not delimited by an edge (e.g., Figs.A-B)
or, if only moderately large then with
distinct median line on rear slope (e.g., Fig.C)
and inner eye margins much diverging in lower half (Fig.D);
thorax dorsally densely pitted and hairy; scutellum regularly densely hairy
but without outstanding longer bristles;
[fore or hind femora, or both, often distinctly thickened]....... A
|
301b. Pronotum short or, if
large (rarely), then with collar anteriorly delimited by transverse edge,
always without median line, inner orbits not unusually diverging in lower
half; thorax mostly
with different sculpture; scutellum often posteriorly with 2
frenal bristles, sometimes with
additional pairs of conspicuous setae anteriorly
|
302a (301a). Scutellum with distinct, though
sometimes fine, sublateral grooves (Fig.A); inner orbits often parallel; antennal
formula mostly 11173; ovipositor protruding ......... A....Pteromalidae (Colotrechninae) (part)
|
302b. Scutellum without sublateral grooves;
otherwise also partly different
|
303a (302b). Propodeum medially short, with deep
petiolar notches in form of an inverted V (Fig.A); petiole long and almost conical to
pear-shaped, round in cross section, with some thin long hairs but without
ridges or coarse sculpture; body with unusually long but not thickly
hairy; femora slender; ovipositor protruding (Fig.B)..... A.......Pteromalidae (Nefoeninae)
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303b. Propodeum without deep petiolar
notches; petiole, if rarely evident, of quite different form and
bare; body without long sparse hairs; femora often thickened; ovipositor
protruding or
not
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304a (303b). Males only: Head with distinct occipital carina;
(back of head with hypostomal areas meeting below foramen); hind coxa
fairly large; forewing with marginal vein very long but the
stigmal short or unusually knobbed (see Fig.A). non-Pteromalidae.. ...... A….. Torymidae
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304b. Males & Females: Occipital carina indistinct
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305a (304b). Scutellum with frenal groove and this
bearing on either side a conspicuous long bristle (Fig.A) ...... A......... Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae)
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305b. Scutellum without distinct frenal
line, without frenal bristles
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306a (305b). Pronotum dorsally rounded or at least
without transverse edge, medially often with smooth strip or raised
longitudinal line; hind margin only moderately notched; thorax usually
pitted (Figs.A-B). ......... A............
Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae)
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306b. Pronotum with collar dorsally separated
by an edge (Fig.A), sloping
medially without any line,
hind margin rather deeply notched; thorax sculpture irregularly rugulose (= wrinkled) but rather
densely haired ....... Pteromalidae (Ditropinotellinae)
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307a (301b). Notauli incomplete and wide apart;
marginal vein widened in basal part (Fig.A); dorsum of
thorax reticulate, almost bare, without bristles; female antennae 11173
(Figs.B-E)
........ A.........
Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae)
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307b. Notauli mostly clearly complete, if
incomplete (some Diparinae and Coelocybinae, also Eunotopsia) thenmarginal vein not widened in
basal half, etc.
|
308a (307b). Second dorsal plate of petiolate
abdomen very large, covering most of dorsum, dorsally somewhat fused with the 1st
dorsal plate; head with no temple (Fig.A), gena posteriorly produced into a
lamina; antenna thick club, all preclub segments of flagellum obviously
at right angles to longitudinal axis; scutellum anteriorly with 2
deep pits.... A.
........ Pteromalidae (Asaphinae)
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308b. Second dorsal plate never covering
most of abdomen; abdomen often sessile; temple and antenna
different; scutellum without double deep pit at base
|
309a (308b). First dorsal plate greatly enlarged, convex, non-collapsing
(Figs.A-B), covering more than 1/3rd
(often much more, but only 1/4th in male Austrosystasis) of abdomen; antennal
sockets usually close to each other; often not metallic... A.
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309b. First dorsal plate never bell-shaped,
not so convex and large; if covering over 1/3rd of abdomen
then either itself collapsing from base or whole abdomen dorsally caving
in; antennal
sockets usually rather wide apart
|
310a (309a). Antennae with 13
segments; hind coxa inserted unusually high (Figs.A-B), its outer face often with
longitudinal sculpture; short-winged or wingless females common; either vertex
and/or thorax dorsally with paired dark bristles and gena posteriorly
rounded, or bristles absent (Fig.C) and then gena ridged in lower part, in
latter case antenna long, 11173 ......... .A
…… Pteromalidae (Diparinae)
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310b. Antennae with 12
segments, with 1 ring segment and 6
funicular segments; gena posteriorly
mostly ridged
|
311a (310b). Thorax with coarse and deep hairy
pits, hairs not placed on papillae (Fig.A); abdomen almost sessile, somewhat
compressed laterally, high, eurytomid-like, 1st dorsal plate
reduced on sides; hind coxa long, inserted high.... .A.... Pteromalidae (Austrosystasinae)
|
311b. Thorax mostly with much finer or
sparse sculpture or, if densely hairy then hairs arising from
elevated papillae (in Herbertia); hind coxae not inserted very
high
|
312a (311b). Petiole long, with longitudinal ribs;
pronotum fairly large and at right angles to longitudinal axis; clypeal margin
arcuately produced, mandibles long and curved, teeth 2:3..East
Asiatic ......... Pteromalidae
(Elatoidinae)
|
312b. Petiole at right angles to
longitudinal axis, often concealed; pronotum short; clypeal margin not
produced; mandibles short, different
|
313a (312b). First dorsal plate with longitudinal
grooves; head and thorax dorsally often with paired bristles (Fig.A); postmarginal vein shorter than
stigmal, or even absent....... A......... Pteromalidae (Erotolepsiinae)
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313b. First dorsal plate without distinct
longitudinal grooves; head including large eyes, thorax dorsally
and wings regularly densely hairy, never with paired bristles (Fig.A); postmargina vein much longer than
stigmal... Pteromalidae (Herbertiinae)
|
314a (309b). Scapula produced backwards outside the
rectangular outer corner of axilla, axilla fully 2X
as long as broad; mid tarsus with 4 segments, unusually long (Fig.A), first segment as long as rest;
prepectus unusually small (Fig.B) ...... A...... Pteromalidae (Macromesinae)
|
314b. Scapula not produced backwards outside
of axilla, latter mostly much shorter; all tarsi with 5
segments, shorter; prepectus usually larger, different
|
315a (314b). Scutellum with obvious paired
bristles, at least 2 frenal ones present in posterior corners (Figs.A-B), often with additional pairs on
scutellum or even posteriorly on scutum; antennae inserted low on
face, sockets rather far apart (Fig.C); body mostly not metallic
... A.
|
315b. Scutellum without any pairs of obvious
bristles, thorax generally either with rather regular hairiness
or almost bare; in other respects also partly different
|
316a (315a). Fore wing densely pubescent, even basally; marginal vein very
long (Fig.A), about 5X
as long as the stigmal, latter with long uncus; propodeum with long hairs
which medially converge
towards median line; antennae with 6 almost equal funicular segments
and one (often indistinct) ring segment; hind
margin of 1st dorsal plate usually bent down;
abdomen sometimes
petiolate; hind tibial spur very small. non-Pteromalidae. ....... A….. Tetracampidae
|
316b. Fore wing somewhat bare in basal 1/3rd
(in regional species); marginal vein relatively much shorter,
mostly much less than 4X as long as the stigmal, stigmal
uncus short; propodeum extensively
bare; antennae different, often clubbed with basal or all flagellar
segments shortened
(e.g., Fig.A); hind margin of 1st
dorsal plate flat; abdomen sessile; hind
tibial spurs
often stout ......... Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae)
|
317a (315b). Occipital carina distinctly developed
|
317b. Occipital carina absent
|
318a (317a). Axillae very much advanced (Fig.A); abdomen almost sessile; base of
short stigmal vein
thickened, postmarginal vein hardly as long as stigmal (Fig.B);
gena posteriorly finely ridged
....... A.......
Pteromalidae (Parasaphodinae)
|
318b. Axillae not or only slightly advanced;
abdomen usually different, also venation different
|
319a (318b). Abdomen almost sessile; pronotum long,
cubical, with edged collar (Fig.A), fully as long as
mesoscutum, dull with transverse rugose (= wrinkled) pits; gena broadly
rounded; mesopleuron
with reticulate depression similar to that of Pteromalinae .......... A........... Pteromalidae (Keiraninae)
|
319b. Abdomen petiolate, petiole with
longitudinal ribs (Fig.A); pronotum at right angles to longitudinal
axis, anteriorly rounded; gena
posteriorly usually ridged; mesopleuron with large peculiar pits (Fig.B) .......Pteromalidae (Asaphinae)
|
320a (317b). Pronotum broad, almost rectangular (Figs.A-B), shiny, even if densely pitted, often
anteriorly ridged; clypeus very broad, lower margin somewhat produced but
antennae at
center of face; mandibles long, crescent-shaped, 2-toothed
(Fig.C); mouth corners angular,
with malar depression, mouth margin in corners ridged; antennae 11173,
club symmetric;
abdomen short, often on sculptured petiole; [thorax often shiny, axillae
close to each
other medially] ....... A.....
non-Pteromalidae........ Perilampidae (Chrysolampinae)
|
320b. Pronotum mostly different, or, if
almost rectangular then dull with dense sculpture (Ditropinotella,
Fig.A); clypeus not broad, not produced;
mouth corners notched, not angular, not conspicuously ridged; at least
right mandible with 3 teeth; abdomen almost always
sessile
|
321a (320b). Pronotum with collar edge or ridge,
hind margin deeply notched, sides rather long; thorax
densely pitted and hairy, gaps between densely wrinkled-reticulate;
propodeum with median
ridge and extensive hairy; [in female hypopygium ending near tip and often
sheaths protruding
and upturned (Fig.A)] ....... A....... Pteromalidae (Ditropinotellinae)
|
321b. Pronotum rounded dorsally, different;
if thorax sometimes similar to previously described, then
propodeum not extensively hairy
|
322a (321b). Males only: Antennae with tiny indistinct ring
segment, 7 funicular and 2
club segments; mandibles with 4
teeth; notauli complete and deep, thorax rather shiny ........ Pteromalidae (Pireninae) (rare forms)
|
322b. Females or if
Males then club 3-segmented or undivided, mandibles
different, in other respects
also partly different
|
323a (322b). Males only: Head and thorax usually dull metallic,
densely hairy and with regular pitted and wrinkled sculpture;
antennae mostly 11173, or club undivided, rarely
funicle shortened
(some Anastatus); propodeum mostly with fine median ridge; axillae
distinctly separated
by short but squared base of scutellum; mid tibial spur usually enlarged,
longe than spur of hind tibia. ......
non-Pteromalidae, Eupelmidae
(Eupelminae)
|
323b. Males & Females: Thorax usually not metallic, sculpture
either longitudinally wrinkled or rather fine, hairiness rather
sparse, often very sparse; propodeum often without median ridge; axillae
usually close to each other; mid tibial spur not enlarged ............ Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae)
|
324a (299b). Antennae with 12-13
segments including at least 2 ring segments (sometimes 3-4);notauli
complete or incomplete
|
324b. Antennae with fewer than 12
segments and often with only 1 ring segment; notauli always complete
|
325a (324a). Scutellum in dorsal view with distinct
sublateral grooves or lines which posteriorly mostly
curve outwards (Fig.A); if grooves are placed more towards
sides, then antennae with
4 short ring segments; [axillae
often advanced; notauli complete or incomplete] ........ A.....Pteromalidae (Colotrechninae)
|
325b. Scutellum mostly without sublateral
lines or, if such lines are visible on sloping sides then they are
straight and/or incomplete (e.g., Figs.A-C);
antennae with 2-3 short ring segments, or segments
after 2nd ring segment short but gradually
increasing in size
|
326a (325b). Scutellum posteriorly with a pair of
conspicuous bristles, at lateral ends of frenal line (Fig.A), its sculpture never
raised-reticulate; body mostly without metallic tinge; [antennae with 13
segments, often clubbed and short, with several or most segments after pedicel at
right angles to longitudinal axis, club often asymmetric ...... A...........Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae)
|
326b. Scutellum without frenal bristles, or
if with 2 thicker hairs posteriorly then
whole scutellum
has raised net-like sculpture and/or metallic hue.
|
327a (326b). Antennae inserted in lower 1/3rd
of face, very rarely with 13 segments, usually 11-12 segments, with 1-2,
mostly very small, ring segments (Fig.A);
mandibles with 4 teeth; clypeus
conspicuous, convex, its sides converging, lower margin produced (as in Fig.B), even
in forms with 13-segmented antennae .....… A....... Pteromalidae (Pireninae)
|
327b. Antennae mostly inserted near to or
even above center of face, but if below center than with 13
segments, with 2-3 ring segments (very rarely more
segments ring-shaped); clypeus always different from previously
described
|
328a (327b). Axillar grooves anteriorly somewhat
meeting (Figs.A-B) so that scutellum does not reach
or only narrowly reaches mesoscutum; body without regular reticulation,
mostly regulose,
without metallic hue; abdomen sessile; propodeal spiracles mostly unusually
large; antennae with 12-13 segments ......... A......... Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) (part)
|
328b. Axillar grooves wide apart so that
scutellum broadly borders on mesoscutum; most other aspects
also different
|
329a (328b). Antennae with 12
segments, with 2 distinct ring segments and 5
funicular segments (Fig.A);
clypeus almost rectangular, flat, not produced, dorsally with deep
tentorial pits; notauli
very deep, complete; abdomen sessile .......... Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) (part)
|
329b. Antennae different, with 13
segments, mostly with 2-3 ring segments; clypeus mostly different
from previous; notauli often incomplete; thorax usually with raised
reticulation; abdomen
often petiolate
|
330a (329b). Clypeal margin with deep median
incision and asymmetric teeth (Figs.A-B); antennae inserted below ocular
line; notauli (in regional species) complete but posteriorly often very
shallow; propodeum convex in median 1/3rd, mostly with indicated ridge; marginal
vein slender (Fig.C ........ A.......... Pteromalidae (Miscogasterinae)
|
330b. Clypeal margin symmetric, with or
without teeth; antennae only rarely inserted below ocular
line; mostly some of other
characters also different ......... Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae and some Miscogasterinae)
|
331a (324b). Gena posteriorly ridged (rarely only
with angular edge, in Scutellista); between pedicel
and club only 4 (mainly males) or 5
segments (most females) first of which may be shortened, ring-shaped (as in
Fig.A); thorax hairiness mostly replaced by distinct and sparse
bristles (Fig.B), rarely uniformly hairy (Scutellista, Fig.C);
clypeal margin not produced ...........A.. ........... Pteromalidae (Eunotinae)
|
331b. Gena without ridge or edge; antennae
different; either 2 or more rounded, segments
ring-shaped or with at least 6
segments between pedicel and club (Figs.A-B); thorax always without
stout bristles; clypeal margin mostly produced
|
332a (331b). Pronotum large, almost rectangular,
with almost parallel sides, anteriorly ridged or rounded (Figs.A-B); antennae always with 6
segments between pedicel and club, 1st segment sometimes ring-shaped;
club asymmetric owing to a collapsing area of tiny hairs; face shiny;
[abdomen hardly ever collapsed, mostly very convex, often with produced
ovipositor] ........ A........
Pteromalidae (Chromeurytominae)
|
332b. Pronotum at least medio-dorsally very
short and usually rounded, rarely collar separated by blunt edge or ridge (Fig.A), but then
it is less than 1/6th the length of mesoscutum;
antenna with 1 small ring segment and often 5
(female) of 6 funicular segments (male), or
funicular segments reduced in number and size (Pireninae)
in extremes only 2 short segments between pedicel and club, latter
mostly symmetric .......... Pteromalidae (Pireninae)
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOTE:
Illustrations were simplified,
corrected and/or updated to suit the present key.
However, please refer to cited authors for greater detail.
|